Page 95 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications
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ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3
Moreover, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 4. EXPERIMENTAL FEEDBACK
approach allows the observation of the brainwaves GENERATION
in the frequency-domain corresponding to the AP
or bio-potential readings [10, 14]. Hence, this 4.1 Hardware implementation
provides a more transparent comprehension of the
acquired data when examined. The assertion of the earlier experiments depends
on the support of the outcomes of the feedback
3.3 Data implementation generation observed. As orchestrated in Fig. 2, the
Arduino relies on the serial communication
Henceforth, the accumulated data undergoes networking protocol. In our paper, the NFB of EEG
further networking for implementation purposes. data was delivered through hardware
For instance, a Lab Streaming Layer (LSL) implementation of the Arduino. Hence, it has
networking protocol is employed to transmit the allowed the accumulated data to be used for
data from one application to another. control and observation. Thus far, we have
Correspondingly, the optimized brainwave data in retained the motion of a small-scale car by utilizing
our paper has been transferred from the OpenBCI the generated EEG feedback. The authority is
network to the Python application. This has maintained in the focus-state frequency ranges of
permitted the user for visualization and controlled the brainwave signals. Nonetheless, it is essentially
scrolling of newsfeed through EEG data. The a representation of the motion and direction
communication between such applications yields control of a large-scale carrier, such as a
the graphical representation of the brainwave AP wheelchair. In comparison to the electric
in various domains as illustrated in [19]. wheelchair control in [10] and the bike pedaling in
In the case of interfaces with microcontrollers such [14], where the visual stimulation required a
as the Arduino, a serial communication protocol is cue/signal such as LED, stimulation as such was
exercised. The streaming of the brainwave signal in not imposed in our paper. Rather, the control of the
our paper has been enabled by the networking car was perceived at the very instance the user
widget of the OpenBCI application. The successful accessed their focus-state. The user continued to
serial communication has been sustained through operate the motion of the car upon the period of
the maintenance of the designated baud rate of EEG concentration and high cognitive functioning. It
data streaming. Moreover, the transmission is further enabled the user to control the direction of
implemented for NFB generation through the the car by propelling cognitive thought processes
assigned receiving ports of the Arduino. As and absolutely no other means of administration.
demonstrated in [10], the final implementation of Eventually, the car immediately stopped when the
controlling a wheelchair has been successfully focus state was departed.
achieved through the interfaced microcontroller.
Therefore, it can be implemented for numerous 4.2 Software control observation
other purposes such as robotics, neuroprosthetics, Furthermore, the feedback generation of our paper
control of gadgets, appliances, and vehicles. was further observed through computer software
Moreover, the use of diverse microcontrollers may applications. As illustrated in Fig. 2, LSL
as well accomplish related applications. For networking enables data transmission from the
example, in [14] the pedaling bike was interfaced user interface to a Python application. Hence, the
with the computer through the Raspberry Pi. controlling of the newsfeed and computer screen
Further discussion of the conducted experimental has been conceivable. Similarly, in [5], cursor
NFB generation in our paper is continued in the control was obtained by using the EEG data from
next section. the BCI. Suggesting that further precision in
controlling virtual platforms can be achieved by
enhancing goal-oriented or high-level
programming language. For instance, the visual
© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 83
