Page 92 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

impaired individuals to regain self-sufficiency control-based operations. Wireless networking
through technological breakthroughs; it can also methodology enables the successful
benefit the field of clinical research and studies of communication of the EEG readings with the
neuroscience applications. computer system. The OpenBCI Wi-Fi shield and
RFDuino are both means of wireless
Furthermore, the collected ranges of data have
boundless means of implementation if executed communication. However, we have interfaced the
diligently. In [9] the primary focus has been the Wi-Fi shield to transmit the gathered data through
interpretation of the correlation between the the medium of the Internet.
brainwave activities while playing various 2. MOTIVATION AND CONTRIBUTION
computer games. The fundamental aspect of a
different study [10] utilizes the Steady-State Visual In this paper, the proposed methodology would
Evoked Potential (SSVEP) based BCI system. inherently enable the paralyzed people to
Whereupon, the control over an automated overcome most of the technological barriers. As
wheelchair has been executed as a response to per the World Health Organization, a staggering
visual stimulation. On the other hand, [11] analyses 20-50 million individuals suffer from some degree
the composition of music in correspondence to of physical impediments caused by injuries and car
human feelings by employing the user interface of accidents [6]. More often than not, the victims of
the BCI system. In our paper, the OpenBCI Cyton paralysis and physical disabilities exhibit the
board has been operated as the EEG-based device immaculate generation of neuro-electrical
for brainwave activity determination. Generally, impulses identical to that of a healthy brain. This
such devices have been extensively used due to implies that the brainwave signals obtained from
their advantageous factors of real-time responses, the EEG data of an individual can be configured to
portability, and affordability [12]. Moreover, the be transmitted as input commands to retain
techniques applied for data acquisition in our control over a designated system. In order to
paper, and the respective ones in [10, 14, 19] were ensure the performance of the system, we first
comparable, regardless of the indication of the scrutinized the numerous prospects of the EEG
stimulus. For instance, [14] coordinated the visual data obtained through the BCI technology. The
functioning alongside the pedaling action of the continuous stream of data documented the
user and interfaced with the system. On the other ceaseless activity of brainwaves in an individual.
hand, [10, 19] have rather depended on the user's However, the distinct functionalities of the
response to visual stimulation. On the other hand, brainwave at certain instances signified the
[18] has suggested a study for improvement in constricted ranges of the collected data. Therefore,
stroke patients by implementing the composed the perceptive administration in the cognitive
brainwave data. frequency ranges has allowed attaining
Nevertheless, in this paper, we have accumulated technological control in real-time. Our primary
the non-invasive EEG readings by placing electrode objective has been to enable physically impaired
cups throughout the surface area of the scalp. The individuals to subdue certain limitations through
corresponding non-intersecting brainwaves the implementation of the BCI system. Moreover,
exhibited are commonly classified as delta, theta, the secondary objective is to utilize the invoked
alpha, beta and, gamma frequencies. The delta potential from the user's brain activity for different
(< 4 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) frequencies are real-life implementations similar to that of [10].
observed in a relatively calmer state such as in the Unlike the tactile operating system demonstrated
deep-sleep or relaxed state. Alpha (8-12 Hz) waves in [16], which depends on an external control unit-
are commonly related to passive awareness and our goal is to achieve command through the
perception, they are generally discovered in the implementation of brainwave signals only.
optical region of the brain. The beta (12-30 Hz) and Our contributions in this paper are as follows:
gamma (30-100 Hz) waves are witnessed in the • To investigate the plausibility of the
higher ranges due to the association with attention, incorporation of the accumulated data to gain
cognition, and motor functionalities, related to the
central and frontal lobes of the brain [12]. For our control over the proposed system.
paper, the beta, and gamma ranges of frequencies • To discuss the possibility of the findings
have been exclusively centred for the through the real-time implementation of the
implementation of cognitive functioning and EEG data in an exploratory approach.

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