Page 49 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

Fig. 2 – Schematic diagram of static transmitter and receiver over cell Fig. 4 – Schematic diagram of mobile transmitter and receiver inside ex‑
surface receptors. tracellular luid.

Fig. 3 – Schematic diagram of static transmitter and receiver bound to Fig. 5 – Schematic diagram of mobile transmitter and receiver inside the
endothelial cells. Signaling molecules undergo drift and diffusion. blood vessel. Transmitter, receiver, and signaling molecules propagate
under the in luence of drift and diffusion.

The signal reaches the medical personnel at a remote 2
place through the Internet. The medical personnel can techniques
initiate the drug delivery process by sending appropriate when communicating nano-machines are static.
commands to the drug delivery system inside the body. Section 3 discusses the transmission and detection
The signal propagates in the reverse order for this case. techniques for mobile nano-machines. Transmission and
Further, different MC systems have to be used for the detection used in some of the experimental works are
aforementioned scenario. presented in Section 4. Challenges of practical
transmitter and receiver design as well as future
For example, cooperative MC systems are most suitable research directions are presented in Section 5. Finally,
for abnormality detection and MIMO‑MC systems can be Section 6 concludes the paper. Also, the complete list of
acronyms used in this paper is given in Table 1.
used for drug delivery. The requirement of a router to
send signals between different networks is also men‑
tioned in [17]. Further, machine‑learning‑based MC sys‑
tem can be used at the FC and the bio‑cyber interface as
the computational complexity of machine learning algo‑
rithms may not be feasible to implement on the nano‑
machines with limited computational complexity. Ir‑
respective of the complexity, this survey also covers the
transmission and detection schemes proposed for all the
aforementioned MC‑based systems. Further, the perfor‑
mances and the complexities of some important detection
schemes have also been discussed and compared in this
survey.

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 37