Page 46 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications
P. 46

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3




          proposed. In this work, a nano‑machine beneath the  in‑  Also, the early detection of neurogenerative diseases such
          ger (inside body) could sense one type of molecule and  as Alzheimer’s was presented in [13] considering the
          release another type of molecule (i.e., magnetic nanopar‑  MC. This work considered an intercellular communication
          ticles), which can be detected by the wearable suscep‑  system where the calcium molecules were used as signal‑
          tometer. The principle behind this system is that the cur‑  ing molecules and their oscillation patterns were different
          rent through the coil changes if the magnetic nanoparti‑  in the astrocyte (biological tissue) of a person suffering
          cles pass through it. The equivalent circuit for this detec‑  fromdementiain comparisontoahealthyperson. The dif‑
          tor using the induction and the operational ampli ier has  ference between the other metrics such as the molecular
          also been presented therein.                         delay, the channel gain as a function of distance (i.e., the
                                                               number of cells between the transmitter and receiver),
          A novel method was proposed in [11] to transmit the
                                                               and the calcium oscillations were also presented. Further,
          digitally encoded Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) using the
                                                               a Microbiome‑Gut‑Brain‑Axis IoBNT communication net‑
          bacteria‑based nano‑networks. In this work, motile bac‑
                                                               work was studied in [14]. Note that the MGBA refers
          teria moved towards non‑motile bacteria that stored the  to the bidirectional communication network between the
          digital information using plasmid (a DNA molecule). The  brain and the gastrointestinal tract, which in general in‑
          motile bacteria then conjugates with the non‑motile bac‑  cludes central, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems
          teria to pick up the stored information. Finally, the motile  of the body, the gastrointestinal tract, and its microbiome
          bacteria deliver the information to another location. The  (human microbiomes are responsible for launching the
          movement of the motile bacteria was governed through  immune system, affecting in lammatory homeostasis and
          a molecular positioning system containing trilateral bea‑  immune regulation). Also, electrical and molecular infras‑
          cons, emitting chemo‑attractants.                    tructure to realize the communication through MGBA has

          For TDD applications, the authors in [5] proposed a  been discussed in [14].
          method for target delivery of nano‑sensors by using the
          bacteria‑based coordination. Their proposed method uti‑  For monitoring the viscosity of blood, a wearable smart
          lized multi‑hop communication along with two different  device was presented in [9] where a transmitter released
          chemicals for guiding the nano‑sensors in a particular di‑  molecules (in particular aptamers) inside the blood ves‑
          rection. This setup can be useful in TDD applications  sel through a needle and these molecules were received
          where drug delivery inside the cancerous tumor is re‑  by the sensors. These sensors then sense the level of ab‑
          quired. Further, for TDD and monitoring the drug con‑  sorption and differentiate between the levels of absorp‑
          centration, an implantable drug delivery system was pro‑  tion for high and normal viscosity scenarios. Further, a
                                                               method for detecting cancer using mobile nano‑sensors in
          posed in [6] where the anti‑cancer drug molecules were  the blood vessels was proposed in [15]. In this work, mo‑
          released by the transmitter towards the cancer cells that  bile nano‑sensors are used to detect the presence of can‑
          may form a lump or tumor. The drug molecules are as‑  cer biomarkers in the blood vessels. Finally, these mobile
          sumed to propagate inside the Extracellular Space (ECS).  nano‑sensors reach a fusion center (FC), which decides
          For analysis purposes, spherical transmitter and receiver  the presence or absence of an anomaly after detecting the
          models are consideredand the Channel Impulse Response  concentration of biomarkers and comparing against the
          (CIR) is derived and veri ied through particle‑based simu‑  threshold using the Log‑Likelihood Ratio (LLR) test. In all
          lation. In this work, the drug concentration pro ile at any  the above studies, the transmitter and receiver were ei‑
          point inside the tumor is also obtained by solving the con‑
          volution of the release rate and the derived CIR.    ther static or mobile under pure diffusive or  low‑induced
                                                               diffusive channels. Also, the scenarios and applications of
          Furthermore, a scheme for reducing the effect of propa‑  MC systems differ in each of the works. Hence, a struc‑
          gation delay in a simultaneous drug delivery system was  tured survey of transmission and detection under differ‑
          proposed in [12], where a controller nano‑machine sent  ent scenarios and applications is required.
          signaling molecules to the drug‑carrying nano‑machines
          which could be at unequal distances from the controller  1.1 Related works
          nano‑machine. Upon receiving the signaling molecules,
          the drug‑carrying nano‑machines were expected to re‑  A survey on recent advancements in MC was presented
          lease the drug molecules simultaneously. However, due to  in [16] in which microscale and macroscale communi‑
          unequal distances from the controller nano‑machine, the  cation along with modulation techniques, channel mod‑
          drug‑carrying nano‑machines could not release the drugs  eling, error correction codes, and simulation tools have
          simultaneously. Apart from the TDD applications, vari‑  been discussed. In [17], an MC‑based nano‑network has
          ous MC systems for health monitoring in IoBNT are also  been studied for TDD applications. Particularly, the com‑
          present in the literature. For example, the work in [8]  munication between different entities in a simple nano‑
          proposed an MC‑based health monitoring system which  network based TDD has been highlighted. Apart from
          detects the biomarkers of heartattacks through the im‑  this, several challenges in modeling the cardiovascular
          planted nano‑sensors. The nano‑sensors were designed  system, extracellular space, and cellular surface as a com‑
          to sense the endothelial cells circulating in the body.  munication channel were presented. Apart from this, an





          34                                © International Telecommunication Union, 2021
   41   42   43   44   45   46   47   48   49   50   51