Page 41 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

‹• –Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† „‹– ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘” Ȍǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹•–‹ ƒ’Ǧ
’”‘ƒ ŠǤ Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „‹– ƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡” ‡ƒ• –Šƒ–
ƒ„‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ –”ƒ•‹––‡† ™‹–Š ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
” Ԏ ]ԍ ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ „‹– ƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡” •‹†‡ ƒ
„‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „› ‡””‘”• ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ‡Ž ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
‡””‘” ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ԟ ” Ԏ ]ԍ ǡ‹ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „‹–
ր
–”ƒ•‹––‡† ™‹–Š ‡””‘”•Ǥ ‘–‹ ‡ –Šƒ–ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‘ –”ƒ†‹Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ • Š‡‡• ˆ‘” ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” –Š‡ ‘†—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘–

„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǡ „—–
‘ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ
 ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ƒ „‹– ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ Ǧ
—””‡ ‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ „‹– ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† –‘ ‘ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›
‹‰Ǥ Ͷ Ȃ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” Šƒ‡Ž ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—–’—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‡ŽǤ
†‹ˆˆ—•‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ Š‡ „Ž—‡ ȋ‰”ƒ›Ȍ ‹” Ž‡• ”‡’”‡•‡– Š‹”ƒŽ ȋƒ Š‹”ƒŽȌ
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ™‡ ƒ••—‡ ƒ –‹‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† •› Š”‘‹œƒ–‹‘
• Š‡‡ ƒ– –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹––‡” •‹†‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹••‹‘
‘ˆ ƒ „‹– ‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ ƒ ™ƒ˜‡ –Šƒ– ‡š ‹–‡• –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ
Šƒ‡Ž ƒ– –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ –‹‡ •Ž‘–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘ ‡š ‹–ƒ–‹‘
‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ –Š‡ ‡‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ „‹– Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
•‡†‹‰ ƒ „‹– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‘ š ‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ „‡‰‹Ǧ
‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ •Ž‘– ‹• †‡ϐ‹‡† ƒ• ԅ կզ Ǥ ˆ ‘ ‡š ‹–ƒ–‹‘
‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡† –‘ –Š‡ š ‘†‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ™‹ŽŽ
‘ —” ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘”› ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ ‘
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ‡””‘”• ™‹ŽŽ ‘ —”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –”ƒ•‹––‹‰ „‹– ȌǤ
Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‹– ‹• ‘””‡ –Ž› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† „› –Š‡
‹‰Ǥ ͷ Ȃ Ǧ Šƒ‡Ž ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ ‡†‹—Ǥ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡” ‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† „› –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ԅ հբ Ǥ Š‹•
‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ –Šƒ– †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‘—” ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• –‘ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹
յ
• ƒ––‡” Š‹”ƒŽ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ϐ‹‡Ž†•ǡ –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ <ᅫ> ǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ
ᇊ
‹’—– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘” Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͶǤ Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ǡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ•ǣ
 ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ ϐŽ—š ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ „‡ ™”‹––‡ յ ᅫ
ƒ• ȏʹ͸Ȑǣ <ᅫ> ԛੁᅻ ȋͿȌ
ᇊ
ϵ
]ᆃ ] ™Š‡”‡ ᅫ ‹• –Š‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ †‡‰”‡‡•ǡ ԛ ‹•
Ј
‡ ᅫ ȋ;Ȍ
ᅱ ࣠ էӴտ
վ
ᅷ ԅ ֏֊֏ ఉԡ ᅰ ϵ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ–Š Ž‡‰–Š <ԓԜ>ǡƒ† ᅻ ‹• –Š‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ϵ
Ј
•ƒ’Ž‡ ‹ <Ԗ Ԝԁ>ǡ –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ †‡”‹˜‡ ˆ”‘ ȋȋ͹ȌȌǤ  “Ǥ ȋͿȌǡ
™‹–Š ԡ ƒ† ᅰ ƒ• ”ƒ†‹ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹Ǧ ™‡ ‘–‹ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ǧ
ϵ
ƒ–‡•ǡ ᅷ ƒ† ੮ᆃ ੮ –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ‡Ž‡ –”‹
Ј Ј Ž‡‰–Š ᅶ ȏȐ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‹‰‹‰ ™ƒ˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒǦ
ϐ‹‡Ž† ‹ –Š‡ ’‘‹– ƒ† ԅ ֏֊֏ ‹• –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–‰‘Ǧ –—”‡ ԉ ȏ ‡Ž•‹—•ȐǤ •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– —•‡†
‹‰ Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡” ᅫ ”‡’”‡•‡–Ǧ ‹•  ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡ •‘†‹— ӹ Ž‹‡Ȍǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •›„‘Ž ӹ ‹•
վ
‹‰ –Š‡ ‘—’Ž‡† ƒ‰‡–‘Ǧ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ –‘ ™Š‹ Š —•‡† ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ <ᅫ> Ǥ Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
յ
ե
Š‹”ƒŽ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘Ǥ ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ™‡ ‘” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ”‡ †‡š–”‘–ƒ”› ‘” Ž‡˜Ǧ
Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Šƒ– ‹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• Š‹”ƒŽ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ •‹‰ƒŽ• ‘”‘–ƒ”›ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
ƒ”‡ Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ ‹ Š‹”ƒŽ ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ƒ‘•–”— –—”‡•ǡ „—– –Š‡”‡ Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‹• ‹–”‹•‹Ǧ
ƒ”‡ ”‡ ‡– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰ Š‘™ ‹– ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘– ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ԅ ଈ ǡ ƒ† ƒ „‡ ‡š’”‡••‡†
‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹‰ƒŽ ȏʹ͹ȐǤ ƒ•ǣ հբ
Š‡ Š‹”ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ „‡ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ƒ• ƒ Ǧ Šƒ‡Žǡ ƒ• յ ੋ ȋͷͶȌ
†‡’‹ –‡† ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͷǤ Š‡ ‘—–’—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‡Ž ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡† ԅ հբ ” ९<ᅫ> ॰
ᇊ
ੋ
‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ’Žƒ‡ ‹ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Šƒ ǡ
‘’–‹ ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹’‹‰‹‰ –Š‡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Š‹”ƒŽ Šƒ‡ŽǤ –Š‡ ‹– ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—–’—– ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‘ –Š‡ –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ ƒŽ Š‹”ƒŽ Šƒ‡ŽǤ ‘–‹ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ †‡’‡†•
ƒ –‹˜‹–› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ Š‹”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ „‡ †‡ ‘†‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ–‹‘‡”• –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ”‘–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ǧ
„‹–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ’Žƒ‡ Žƒ”‹œ‡† Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ „—– ‹ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ †‹”‡ Ǧ
™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡ ‘†‡† ƒ• ƒ „‹–Ǥ ‹‰Ǥ ͷ †‡• ”‹„‡• ƒ Š‹”ƒŽ ŠƒǦ –‹‘• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘” ਷ȌǤ ‹–Š‘—– Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ Š‡”‡‹ ™‡
‡Ž ‘’”‹•‡† ‘ˆ Š‹”ƒŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ •‘—” ‡ ‘†‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ š ƒ••—‡† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ’Žƒ‡ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ
‘†‡Ȍ ‡‹–• ƒ „‹– •–”‡ƒ ‘†—Žƒ–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ  ˆˆ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ••—‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡†‹— ‹• ‘’”‹•‡†
‡›‹‰ ȋ Ȍ • Š‡‡Ǥ ’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ԍ ”‡’”‡Ǧ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹š–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ–‹‘‡”• ȋ ਷Ȍ„—––Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘Ǧ
•‡–• –Š‡ „‹– ‘” –”ƒ•‹––‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Šƒ‡Žǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Ԏ –”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ  –Š‡

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