Page 111 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ȋƒȌ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ˜• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ†‹—• ȋ„Ȍ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ˜• ‘•– ‘•– ȋ Ȍ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ˜• ’’‡” ƒ–‡ ›

ᅹ Ӹ փ֊֎֏ ԁ ֎
֎

ᅹ Ӹ փ֊֎֏ ԁ ֎
֎
ᅹ Ӹ փ֊֎֏ ԁ ֎
֎

Ӹ ԣ Ӹ Ԅԅԉ Ӹ ԣ Ӹ Ԅԅԉ Ӹ ԣ Ӹ Ԅԅԉ

ԣ ԣ ԣ
‹‰Ǥ ͹ Ȃ դ ՙ ƒ• ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ֏ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡† ‘˜‡” φЈ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ”—•ǡ ˆ‘”ǣ ȋƒȌ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ ᇍ ™‹–Š ϐ‹š‡† դ ֎ փ֊֎֏ ЈӳЈΘ ƒ† խ ֎ ЈӳЈΘǢ ȋ„Ȍ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
դ ԺԻԿ
փ֊֎֏ փ֊֎֏ ЈӳЈ΅Ǥ
˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ դ ֎ ™‹–Š ϐ‹š‡† ᇍ Јӳϯ ƒ† խ ֎ ЈӳЈνǢ ƒ† ȋ Ȍ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ խ ֎ ™‹–Š ϐ‹š‡† ᇍ Јӳϯ ƒ† դ ֎
‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ™ƒ›• •Š‹ˆ– –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– –‘Ǧ ƒ Š ‡š’‡”‹‡– –‡”‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– ԣ ԉ •‡ ‘†•Ǥ
™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‘•– ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ǡ –Š—• ‡ Ԣ ‹• ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ ”ƒ†‘ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ †—”Ǧ
–Š‡ ‹‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘˜‡”‰‡ –‘ ƒ •‘Ž—Ǧ ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ †‡ϐ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ˆ‘‰ ”‡†‡”‡”Ǥ
–‹‘ Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ ‘‡ǡ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǡ ™‡ ‡š‡ —–‡ –Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š –‡ –‹‡•
–Š‹• ™ƒ› –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†Ǥ
Š”‡‡ •‡–• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘†— –‡†ǡ ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ
ͻǤ Ǧ Ȉ ƒ”›‹‰ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ†‹‹ ȋ ‡– ͓ͳȌǣ Š”‡‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡•
‘ –”—Ž› ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ ǡ ‹ –Š‹• •‡ Ǧ ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ᅹ \ ^Ǥ 
–‹‘ ™‡ ‘†— – –”ƒ ‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• —•‹‰ –Š‡ Ǧ –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ –‘’‘Ž‘‰› ”ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ› –‘ ƒ†Ǧ
‡ ΪΪ ͷǤ͸Ǥʹǡ ™Š‡”‡ ™‡ ‘’ƒ”‡ ‘—” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‡š‹•–Ǧ ‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› –‘ ™‡ŽŽǦ ‘‡ –‡†Ǥ
‹‰ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ Ȉ ƒ”›‹‰ ’’‡” ƒ–‡ › ‘—† ȋ ‡– ͓ʹȌǣ Š”‡‡ ”‡’Ǧ
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ”‡ –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—–Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ
ͻǤͳ ƒ–ƒ •‡– ƒ† ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ԁ \ ^Ǥ › †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ ˜‹‡™• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰
֎
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ †‡Žƒ› –‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ
‘” –Š‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† †ƒ–ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ͷ
‡’‘•‹–‘”› ‹• —–‹Ž‹œ‡†Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” †ƒ–ƒ •‡– ‘Ǧ Ȉ ƒ”›‹‰ ‘•– ‘•– ȋ ‡– ͓͵Ȍǣ Š”‡‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ”‡ ‡šǦ
–ƒ‹• ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ƒ•‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ’Ž‘”‡†Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ Ӹ փ֊֎֏ \ ^Ǥ • •— Šǡ
֎
ȋ •Ȍ ‹ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ† Šƒ• „‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› —–‹Ž‹œ‡† ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹•‹‰Š–• –‘ †‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹‡† Š‘•– ‘•–Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡–•
‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡȏ͸͸ȐȌǤ ‡”‡ǡ ‡Ž„‘—”‡ǯ• Dz ‡–”ƒŽ —•‹‡•• ƒ”‡ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†Ǥ
‹•–”‹ –dz ȋ Ȍ ‘˜‡”‹‰ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ԚԜ ‹• •‡Ž‡ –‡†ǡ
ϵ
‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ ƒ ੎ ’Žƒ‡ –‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‘’‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘” †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‡‡†• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ’‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ
 –Š‡”‡ ‡š‹•– ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’–—• •ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒ Ǧ •‡–Ǥ
‘”†‹‰Ž› ƒ’’‡† –‘ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‹• †ƒ–ƒ •‡– ƒ† –Š‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘• ͻǤʹ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ „‡ Šƒ”•
‹ –Š‡ ’”‡ ‡†‹‰ •‡ –‹‘ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ • ƒ”‡ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡ ǯ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ϐ‹˜‡ „‡ Šƒ”
‘™ ‘– —‹ˆ‘”Ž› †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘†‹ϐ‹‡† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› –‘ ƒ††”‡••
–Š‡”‡ ‡š‹•– ƒ”‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ †‡•‡Ž› ’‘’—Žƒ–‡† ƒ• ™‡ –Š‡ Ǧ „› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ ‘•–”ƒ‹– ȋͺȌǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š
‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ „—•‹‡•– ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘ —†‡” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ
Š‡ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ˆ‘” ‘‡ –‹‘• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” •ǯ ‘˜Ǧ
‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” ᅹ ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ‹Ȍ ”‡‡†› ȋ Ȍ ȏʹͻȐǣ  –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘Ǧ
֏
–‘ ‹””‘” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” –‘™‡”• Šƒ˜‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ”‹–Šǡ ‡ƒ Š ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ Ԥ୰ӻ ‹• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ› ‡˜ƒŽ—Ǧ
֎
’‘™‡”Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ ƒ–‡† –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡‹” •—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” Š‘•–‹‰ ƒ ԢǤ ‘
֏
Ԥ ƒ”‡ ”ƒ†‘Ž› •‡Ž‡ –‡† †—”‹‰ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ԡ Ԥ ୮ –Š‹• ‡†ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•• ‘•– ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‡ƒ Š •‹–‡ —Ǧ
< > ૞Ԥ ୮ ԋ –‘ ƒ’–—”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡‡†• ‘ˆ —•‡” ’”‘’‘”Ǧ †‡” –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡ƒ† ϐŽ‘™•
–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘” ‰ƒ‡ ‰”ƒ’Š‹ • “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘˜‡”‰‡ ƒ– –Šƒ– •‹–‡ ‹• ‘’—–‡†ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡
•ǯ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ”ƒ†‹‹Ǥ ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ –‘’‘Ž‘‰› ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ –Šƒ– ›‹‡Ž†• –Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘•–
ϐ‹š‡†Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‘ˆ ǡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ”‡‰ƒ”†• ‹• ’‹ ‡† ƒ• ”‡†‡”‡”Ǥ  ‡ƒ Š ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡
ࣞ ֏
֏
–‘ ԇ Ԥ ƒ† Ӹ ֍ր։ Ԥ ȋ૞Ԥ ୮ ԋ Ȍǡ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ ‡š–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‹–‡‹••‡ƒ” Š‡†™Š‹ Šǡ ‹ ‘Ǧ
ϐ‹š‡† –‹‡ •Ž‘– ‘ˆ ԣ •‡ ‘†•Ǥ ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ ƒ› ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ Œ— –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› •‡Ž‡ –‡† ‘‡•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹
ԥ୮ ԋ ƒ› „‡ ‘‡ ”‡†‡”‡” ƒ† •‘ –Š‡ ෲ෯•ƒ”‡‘ ‡ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘•– —†‡” –Š‡ Š›’‘–ŠǦ
‘”‡ †‡”‹˜‡† —•‹‰ ‹Œ•–”ƒǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ӹ Ԥ ԥ ’‡” ԣǤ ‡•‹• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ”‡†‹”‡ – –Š‡‹” ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡Ǧ
֎
ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘•‡•– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ”‡†‡”‡”Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘Ǧ
Ͷ Š––’•ǣȀȀ‰‹–Š—„Ǥ ‘Ȁ•™‹‡†‰‡Ȁ‡—ƒǦ†ƒ–ƒ•‡– ”‹–Š –‡”‹ƒ–‡• ™Š‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ”‡’‘”– ƒ ”‡†‡”

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 97