Page 110 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ȋƒȌ ”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘•– ȋ„Ȍ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘•–

ƒ•‡ ͳ
ƒ•‡ ʹ
ƒ•‡ ͵

ԟԡԞԥ ԓԔԟԛ

Ӹ ԣ Ӹ ԣ

ƒ•‡ ͳ
ƒ•‡ ʹ
ƒ•‡ ͵

ԣ ԣ
ȋ Ȍ ‡†‡”‡”•ǯ Žƒ ‡‡– ȋ†Ȍ ‘–ƒŽ ‘•–
ƒ•‡ ͳ
ƒ•‡ ʹ

ƒ•‡ ͵

]ӻ ԣ ] Ԣ Ӹ ԣ

ƒ•‡ ͳ
ƒ•‡ ʹ
ƒ•‡ ͵

ԣ ԣ
֏
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‹‰Ǥ ͸ ȂȋƒȌ դ ֋֍֊֑ ǡȋ„Ȍ դ ֏ ǡȋ Ȍ ]է ֎ ]ǡƒ† ȋ†Ȍ դ ƒ• ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ֏ ™‹–Š ᇍ Јӳϯǡ ˆ‘” –Š”‡‡ ƒ•‡• ™Š‡”‡ ‡˜‡”› φЈЈ •‡ ™‡ ”‡Ǧ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ǣ ͳȌ –Š‡ ֍ ֐ <ЈӴ φ>
տր֋և
փ֊֎֏ փ֊֎֏
ƒ† ˆ‘” ϐ‹š‡† դ ֎ ЈӳЈΘ ƒ† խ ֎ ЈӳЈϯǢ ʹȌ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ դ ֎ ЈӳЈν „› •—„–”ƒ –‹‰ ЈӳЈЈΘ ƒ† ˆ‘” ϐ‹š‡† խ ֎ ЈӳЈϨǢ ƒ† ͵Ȍ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ խ ֎ ЈӳЈϯ „›
փ֊֎֏ ЈӳЈΘǤ
ƒ††‹‰ ЈӳЈЈΘ ƒ† ˆ‘” ϐ‹š‡† դ ֎
–Š‡ —•‡”•ǯ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‘ ƒ’–—”‡ –Š‹• ;Ǥ͸Ǥͻ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ –‘ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘
ƒ•’‡ –ǡ ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͸ ™‡ ’Ž‘– –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – Š‡ ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡† ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ
֏
֏
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–‘ ȋƒȌ Ӹ ֏ ֋֍֊֑ ǡȋ„Ȍ Ӹ տր֋և ǡȋ Ȍ ]ӻ ]ǡƒ† ȋ†Ȍ Ӹ ˆ‘” –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆǦ ǯ• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” —†‡” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡’Ž‘›‡– • ‡ƒ”‹‘•Ǥ
֎
ˆ‡”‡– ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ϐ‹š‡† ᅹ ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ™‡
ƒŽ–‡” ˆ‘” ‡˜‡”› ͳͲ –‹‡ •Ž‘–•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‡˜‡”› ͳͲͲ •‡ Ǥǡ ȋ‹Ȍ –Š‡ †‡Ǧ ‡–ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „‡––‡” ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ†
ƒ†•ǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ –Š‡ Š‘•– ‘•–ǡ ƒ† ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ –Š‡ —’’‡” Žƒ–‡ ›Ǥ ’Ǧ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǡ ƒ ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‹• ƒŽ•‘
’ƒ”‡–Ž›ǡ ‹ ƒŽŽ ƒ•‡• –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‘•– ‘ ‡ ‘”‡ ‹• ‹‹‹œ‡† †‡‡‡† ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ƒ’–—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
‹ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ˆ‡™ –‹‡ •Ž‘–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘• —†‡” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜ƒŽǦ
փ֊֎֏
™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‡†ǡ ’ƒ—•‹‰ ‹ –Š‹• ™ƒ› –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‘ˆ —‡• ˆ‘” ȋ‹Ȍ –Š‡ ᅹǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ –Š‡ Ӹ ֎ ǡ ƒ† ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ –Š‡ ԁ Ǥ
֎
Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡”‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ† †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒŽ–‡”Ǧ ‡– Ӹ հձյ †‡‘–‡ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š Ǧ
ՙ
դ
ƒ–‹‘• ™‡ ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–™‘”ǡ ™‡ ƒ •‡‡ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š –‹‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œ‡”Ǥ Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ դ ԺԻԿ
™‡ ”‡Ǧ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”ǡ ǯ• ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‹• ƒ—–‘ƒ–Ǧ †‡ Žƒ”‡• Š‘™ Ž‘•‡ ǯ• •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• –‘ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ †—”Ǧ
ՙ
ՙ
դ
դ
‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡•—‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ •Š‹ˆ– –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– –‘ ‡™ Ž‘ ƒǦ ‹‰ ԣǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ դ ԺԻԿ ݂ Ǥ ‹‰Ǥ ͹ ‡ ƒ•‡• դ ԺԻԿ ƒ• ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ
–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‡‡– –Š‡ ‡™ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† ‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ –—Ǧ –‹‡ǡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡† ‘˜‡” ͳͲ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ”—• ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š †‹ˆˆ‡”Ǧ
ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– –ƒ‡• ƒ ˆ‡™ –‹‡ •Ž‘–• ƒˆ–‡” ‡ƒ Š ”‡Ǧ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡– • ‡ƒ”‹‘Ǥ ‘–‡ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ͻͷΨ ‘ϐ‹†‡ ‡ ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡
’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ† ƒ†Œ—•– –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† •‘ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’Ž‘–•Ǥ
‡™ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ „› †‡ˆƒ—Ž– ǯ• ”—Ž‡• ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡ ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ǡ դ ՙ ˆƒ•– ‘˜‡”‰‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ‹–• ‹‹—
դ ԺԻԿ
–Š‡ ”‡†‡”‡”• —†‡” –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‘•– —Ǧ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ դ ՙ Ȍ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‹ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘’Ǧ
†‡” ƒŽŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ‹• †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†ǡ –Š‡ǡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‹Ǧ –‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ †‡’‹ –‡† • ‡ƒ”‹‘•Ǥ  ˆƒ –ǡ –‘–ƒŽ ‘•–
դ ԺԻԿ
–‹‘• Šƒ‰‡ǡ ™‹ŽŽ •–‹ŽŽ ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ –ƒ Ž‡ ‡˜‡”› ‡™ ”‡†— –‹‘ ”ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ͺͳΨ –‘ ͻʹΨ ™Š‡ –Š‡ –‡”‹Ǧ
Ǧ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ Ӹ ”‡†— –‹‘ǡ ƒ• †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͸ȋ†ȌǤ ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” ԣ ԉǤ ”‘ ‹‰Ǥ ͹ȋƒȌ ™‡ ˜‡”‹ˆ› –Šƒ– ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›
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–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ•‡• ͳ ƒ† ͵ǡ –Š‡ ”‡†‡”‡”•ǯ ’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ ”ƒ†‹—• ‹†‡‡† ƒˆˆ‡ –• –Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ”‡†— –‹‘ǡ •‹ ‡ Š‹‰Š‡”
‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ]ӻ ] ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͸ȋ Ȍ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡†— ‡† ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ˆ‘” ᅹ Ȍ ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• –‘ ”‡ƒ Š
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—„‡” ‘ˆ •‡”˜‡”• ‹•–ƒ–‹ƒ–‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ ‡Ǧ –Š‡‹” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ”‡†‡”‡”• ™‹–Š ˆ‡™‡” Ž‹ Š‘’•ǡ ›‹‡Ž†‹‰
‡– ‹• ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘• „› Œ—•– ‹‰”ƒ–Ǧ •ƒŽŽ‡”Ǧ•‹œ‡† ෲ෯• ƒ† –Š—• †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”‡†‡” ‘•–•Ǥ 
‹‰ ‘” ‡”‰‹‰ –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ•‡ ʹ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ˆ”‘ ‹‰Ǥ ͹ȋ„Ȍ ™‡ ‘ϐ‹” –Šƒ– ƒ Ž‘™‡”
™‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ Ӹ ֎ փ֊֎֏ „› ͲǤͲͷǡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ Š‘•– ‘•– ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ‘”‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
Ӹ ֏ ‹• •‡˜‡”‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ‘”‡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ փ֊֎֏
տր֋և ˆ‘” Ӹ ֎ Ȍǡ –Š—• •–‡‡’‡” ”‡†— –‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡
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‘ —” –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‡Šƒ ‡† Ӹ ֏ ֋֍֊֑ ƒ† –Š—• ]ӻ ] ”‹•‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” Ž‘™‡” Žƒ–‡ › –Š”‡•Š‘Ž†• ƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† „›
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”‡•—Ž–• ˜‡”‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‹‰Ǥ ͹ȋ Ȍǡ •‹ ‡ ‘”‡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ —ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ‘”†‡”
ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ —ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „› –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• –‘ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡†‡” †‡Žƒ›•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ˆƒ•–‡”
ƒ† „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ”‡†‡”‡”• –‘ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ†ƒ’– ”‡†— –‹‘Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ•
›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ‘’–‹‹œ‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘’Ǧ
96 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021