Page 91 - ITU Journal, ICT Discoveries, Volume 3, No. 1, June 2020 Special issue: The future of video and immersive media

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‹‰Ǥ ͵ Ȃ ƒ’Ž‡Ǧ™‹•‡ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ Š‹‰Š’ƒ•• ˆ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ǡ —•‹‰ •ǡ ‘ˆ •‹‰ƒŽ
•‹ȏͶǡ ͶȐ ȋŽ‡ˆ–Ȍ ™‹–Š‘—– ȋ ‡–‡”Ȍ ƒ† ™‹–Š ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ †‘™•ƒ’Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ
•‹ †—”‹‰ ˆ‹Ž–‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ †‘™•ƒ’Ž‹‰ǡ Ͷ ‹’—–• ›‹‡Ž† ͳ ‘—–’—–Ǥ

ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‹’—– ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ǡ ‹‰Ǥ Ͷ Ȃ ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‹Ǧ’Žƒ ‡ •‘‘–Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ݓෝ ‘ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰
™‹–Š‘—– †‘™•ƒ’Ž‹‰ ‡˜‡ ˆ‘” •‹‰ƒŽ•Ǥ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ȋ“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ͲȂͳȌ „› –Š‡
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡ •Ǥ ͵Ȃͷ ȋ ǡ ‹ † —‹–•ȌǤ ‹†‡‘• ƒ”‡
ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ††”‡••‡† Š‹‰Š ȋ Ȍ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ǦͶ ‘’”‡••‡† ͵ͷʹέʹͺͺ •‹œ‡† •–‹—Ž‹ ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ•‡– ȏ͵͸ȐǤ
•Š‘”– ‘‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ †‹• ‘˜‡”‡†
ƒ– ˜‡”› Ž‘™ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ǡ †—‡ –‘ ȋͼȌǡ –Š‡ „Ž‘  •‹œ‡ ƒ‘–ƒ–‡† †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ‘’”‡••‡† ƒ† †‡ ‘†‡†
„‡ ‘‡• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •ƒŽŽǤ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡† ˜‹†‡‘ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ† „‹– †‡’–Š•ǡ

–Šƒ–ǡ ˆ‘” ܰ൑ ʹͶ ‘” •‘ǡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘—–Ž‹‡”• ƒ› ‡š‹•– ‹ –Š‡ ݓ —’ –‘ ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ† ͳͲ „‹–• ’‡” •ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ ’‡Ǧ
ƒ–”‹šǡ ƒ—•‹‰ —†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž› •–”‘‰ ™‡‹‰Š–‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Ǧ˜•Ǧ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘
„Ž‘  ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹ ȋͺȌ ƒ†ǡ ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‘™ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
ˆ‹‰—”‡ ™Š‹ Š †‘‡• ‘– ‘‹ ‹†‡ ™‹–Š •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ —”ƒ › „› ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ’”‡†‹ –
‹’”‡••‹‘Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ‘ˆ •— Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ••‡••‡–• ˆ‘” ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ•• ‘ˆ

‘ —””‡ ‡•ǡ ‹Ǧ’Žƒ ‡ •‘‘–Š‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Ž‘  ™‡‹‰Š–• ˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ ‡ƒ”•‘ǯ• Ž‹‡ƒ” ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ȋ Ȍ

ݓ ‘” ݓෝ ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡‹” —•‡ ‹ ȋͺȌ ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ ‡– ݓ „‡ “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ƒ”Ǧ‘†‡Ž ˆ‹– ȏʹͻȐ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•

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–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• „Ž‘ ǯ• ™‡‹‰Š– ȋ‹Ǥ ‡Ǥǡݓ ௞ାଵ Šƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ ’‡ƒ”ƒǯ• ”ƒ ‘”†‡” ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ȋ Ȍ

ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†Ȍ ƒ† ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– ݇ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ‹”•– ˆ”‘ Ž‡ˆ– ƒ••‡••‡• Š‘™ ™‡ŽŽ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ†
–‘ ”‹‰Š– ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ”‘ –‘’ –‘ „‘––‘ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡ ’ƒ‹”• ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ „‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† —•‹‰ ƒ ‘‘Ǧ

ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹ Ž‹‡Ǧ• ƒ ˆƒ•Š‹‘Ȍǡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ƒ– ݇ൌ Ͳ ™Š‹ Š ‹• Ž‘Ǧ –‘‹ Ȅ„—– ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› Ž‹‡ƒ”Ȅˆ— –‹‘ ȏ͵ͲȐǤ Š‡

ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ –‘’ǦŽ‡ˆ– ‘”‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡Ǥ Š‡ǡ ‰‹˜‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ǡ ǡ

Ǧ ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

• –Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– ‡‹‰Š„‘”ǡ ǡ ‘ˆ ݓ ƒ• ܮൌ Ͳ ‹ˆ  ‹• ‹ –Š‡ „Ž‘ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ȏͳ͹Ȑ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡•Ǥ
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ˆ‹”•– ’‹ –—”‡ „Ž‘ Ǧ ‘Ž—ǡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ܮൌ ݓ ௞ିଵ ǡ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ”‡ ‘Ž› ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ

• –Š‡ –‘’ ‡‹‰Š„‘”ǡ ǡ ‘ˆ ݓ ƒ• ܶൌ Ͳ ‹ˆ  ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•ǯ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†
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ˆ‹”•– ’‹ –—”‡ „Ž‘ Ǧ”‘™ǡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ܶൌ ݓ ௞ିௐ௄ ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”

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• –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‡‹‰Š„‘”ǡ ǡ ‘ˆ ݓ ƒ• ܴൌ Ͳ ‹ˆ  ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•
Žƒ•– ’‹ –—”‡ „Ž‘ Ǧ ‘Ž—ǡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ܴൌ ݓ ௞ାଵ ǡ †‘‡• ‘– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ‘”‡ ”‹‰‘”‘—• ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• •— Š

™‹–Š „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡ ™‹†–Š ‹ —‹–• ‘ˆ ݇ ȋ•–”‹†‡Ȍǡ ƒ•ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ Ǧ ǤͳͶͲͳȏ͵ͳȐǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ ‘Ž›
ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ݇ൌ ͳǡ ʹǡ ǥǡ Ȃͳ ȋ‡š Ž—†‹‰ ݇ൌ ͲȌ Šƒ‰‡ ݓ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•

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‘ ƒ› ”‘••Ǧ‘†‡Ž •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡• ƒ”‡ †”ƒ™Ǥ
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ݓ ൌ‹൫ݓ ǡƒšሺܮǡ ܶǡ ܴሻ൯ ȋͷͼȌ
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͹Ǥͳ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ †ƒ–ƒ
ƒ† —•‡ ݓ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ݓ ‘” ݓෝ ™Š‡‡˜‡” ‹– ‹• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
ᇱ

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ƒ† –Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡ ‹• ‘ˆ •‹œ‡ ͸ͶͲέͶͺͲ •ƒ’Ž‡• ‘” •ƒŽŽ‡”Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ •‹’Ž‹ˆ› ‘’ƒ”‹•‘•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‘–ƒ–‡† ˜‹†‡‘
Š‹• ’‘•–Ǧ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ݓ ‹• ‡ƒ•› –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ‹ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› —–‹Ž‹œ‡† ‹ ȏ͵ʹȐ ƒ”‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‹•
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Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ ƒ† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡‘˜‡• •–”‘‰ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒŽŽ ˜‹†‡‘ ‘’”‡••‹‘ †‹•–‘”–‡†
Dz’‡ƒ•dz ‹ –Š‡ „Ž‘  ™‡‹‰Š–‹‰ ˆ‘” •‘‡ Ž‘™Ǧ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ȋ Ǧʹǡ ǦͶǡ Ǥʹ͸Ͷǡ Ǥʹ͸ͷǡ ƒ† ‹”ƒ Ȍ •—„•‡–• ‘ˆ
‹’—– ™‹–Š‘—– •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‹‰ –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ ’‡” ‡’–—ƒŽ –Š‡ ‘•‡‹ ȏ͵͵Ȑǡ ȏ͵ͶȐǡ ȏ͵ͷȐǡ ǡ ȏ͵͸Ȑǡ
™‡‹‰Š–‹‰ ‘˜‡” ǦŽ‹‡ —™‡‹‰Š–‡† ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• Ͷ ‹†‡‘ —„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ —ƒŽ‹–› ȏ͵͹Ȑ †ƒ–ƒǦ
 ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰Ǥ Ͷ ˆ‘” ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ǦͶ ‡Ǧ „ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆˆ‡” ’‡”Ǧ˜‹†‡‘ †ƒ–ƒǡ ƒ”‡ —•‡†Ǥ
‘†‡† ˜‹†‡‘• ‘ˆ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ͵ͷʹέʹͺͺ Ž—ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ • ‘ ƒ†† ‘”‡ ‘–‡– ‘’”‡••‡† ™‹–Š •–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–

ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ –Š‡ •‘‘–Š‹‰ ‘˜‡• –Š‡ ‘—–Ž‹‡” †ƒ–ƒ ‘†‡ •ǡ ™‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡ •‡“—‡ ‡• ‘†‡† ™‹–Š
‘ˆ ˜‹†‡‘ ŠƒŽŽ Ž‘•‡” –‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ Ǥʹ͸ͷȀ ȏ͵ͺȐ ƒ† ”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” ǯ• ”‡•’‘•‡ ȏ͵ͻȐǡ
”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ǯ• ”‡ ‡– ˆ ȏʹͲȐǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ
͹Ǥ ƒ• –Š‘•‡ ‘†‡† „› ȏͶͲȐ ƒ† ȏͶͳȐ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ǧ
˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ȏͳͲȐǡȏͳͳȐǡ ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š
Š‡ ‡–Š‘† ‡š–‡†‡† „› –Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ’”‡Ǧ Ǧ ‘ ‹†Ž› ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ’‡”Ǧ˜‹†‡‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ
•‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •‡ –‹‘•ǡ ƒŽŽ‡† Dz dz ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡ ƒ† •—„•‡–• ‡šŠ‹„‹– –Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– ƒ† –Š‡
•ƒ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ™ƒ• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•‡‹ǡ ǡ ˆ ǡ ƒ† Ǧ˜•Ǧ •—„•‡–• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–
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