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2 Trust in ICT

as a process whereby knowledge can be transferred. The information and communication technology is used
in all forms of recording and transfer of knowledge. The millions of books of knowledge in the libraries can
be transferred in an electronic manner. The growth of information and communication technology has
significantly increased the network capacity for creation and transfer of data. The evolution of the Internet
and web technologies offers individuals tools to connect with each other worldwide. Innovation in mobile
wireless digital technologies offers individuals a means to connect anywhere and anytime where digital
technologies are accessible. ICT has the potentials to radically change education, training, employment for
all members of human society.

However, the ICT infrastructure for individuals to produce and use data does not necessarily result in
knowledge creation. Digital media delivers seemingly amounts of information. However, information alone
does not create knowledge. For knowledge creation to take place, it is required to create awareness,
meaning, and understanding of data and information. The critical analytic process of information is required
to develop the knowledge that assists humankind. Information as such lacks reflection and critical thinking,
and thus it can actually become "non-knowledge", which is false or inaccurate. The anticipated new
technologies like big data analytics and semantic web will move both information and knowledge creations
to use intelligence and create meaning.

Technology reduces the prices of telecommunication resources and enables the increase of transmission
speeds and volumes of information. Technology has given birth to "networked societies". In a community,
there is a set of networks within which individuals maintain special relationships whether they are family,
ethnic, economic, professional, social, religious, political, or all of these simultaneously. Technological
innovation helps in the emergence of new information and knowledge sharing systems that are shaped by
the choices of a user or communities. The intelligence of knowledge and information sharing systems are
enabled by a filtering principle that depends on the interaction of individual actions and processing of data.
New information and communication technologies have created the emergence of knowledge societies. The
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the United Nations top level standards organization relating
to information and communication technologies may be concerned about future knowledge society.

Definitions of knowledge from ICT perspectives
Knowledge is a familiarity, an awareness or an understanding of someone or something such as facts,
information, description or skills. Knowledge is acquired though experience or education by perceiving,
discovering and learning [9]. Knowledge can refer to theoretical or practical understandings of a subject that
is implicit (as with practical skills or expertise) or explicit (as with a theoretical understanding of a subject). It
can be more or less formal or systematic.
Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes of perception, communication, and reasoning.
From the ICT perspectives, knowledge is related to human perceptions of data streams of audio, video,
image, and texts while transferring knowledge from people or organizations to others. By using e-mails or
written documents for a meeting, knowledge is created and transferred by a dynamic acquisition and
complex cognitive processes of the human brain like reasoning, observation, experimentation, formulation,
and testing of hypotheses, etc. In scientific methods, knowledge has developed a broader view of the
accumulated results of scientific experiments from discussions of communities or group of experts. For
human behaviours in business, knowledge is related to a kind of decision-making process. Human behaviour
is quite predictable when a certain level of experience and accumulated information are successfully
collected through the network.

Types of intelligences
There is a theory of multiple intelligences rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general
ability which was proposed by Howard Gardner in his 1983 book "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple
Intelligences" [10]. He describes various types of intelligences as follows.
• Logical/mathematical intelligence: NUMBER SMART

This intelligence has to do with logic, abstractions, reasoning, numbers and critical thinking. This also has to
do with having the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system. Scientists,

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