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end‐users (supply side: i.e.,
end‐users (demand side: i.e.,
users layer stakeholders'
inhabitants)
representatives)

presentations layer

applications layer (software Transportation, E‐government, E‐business, Safety and
applications offering SSC Emergency, Smart health, Tourism, Education, Smart
services) Building, Waste management , Smart Energy, Smart water

business layer (business
Cyber‐security service logic) Access network (xDSL, FTTx, WiFi,
processes that simulate
Transport network (SDH, DWDM,
IP, Microwave etc.)
Communications Network layer

2G/3G/4G, PLC etc.)

Data repositories

data layer

File repositories

Capillary Network (SCADA, sensor network,
HART, WPAN, video surveillance, RFID,
Barcode, GPS, etc.
sensing layer
Terminal node (sensor, transducer, actuator,
camera, RFID tag, barcode symbols etc.

Figure 10 – A multi‐tier SSC ICT architecture from communications view, emphasizing on an
information flow perspective
There are two ways for the information flow in the above architectural view:

1. The information flow starts from the sensing layer to the application layer across the
communication layer and the data layer. This is the most typical mode of information flow
in SSC, as it involves the whole four layers of SSC.

2. The information flow starts at the sensing layer and terminates at the data layer directly
without across the communication layer, or start at the sensing layer end at the application
layer directly without across the communication layer and the data layer.

7.1.3 Modular SSC ICT architecture approach

Module definition for the SSC ICT architecture is an extremely complex process and it has to consider
both the city type and the architecture view. According to the previously given analysis, soft urban
infrastructure (people, data and applications) is flexible and can easily extend and interconnect.
Difficulties rise from requirements, which deal with hard infrastructure and environment. Various
attempts illustrate modular smart city approaches [8; 9; 10]. Moreover, an interesting modular

ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 365