Page 94 - Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016

Powered tags (relying on batteries) must minimize cell battery. They currently cost less than USD 5, a
energy consumption, a requirement that is price that is likely to drop even further . Another
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prompting further research and development example is EnOcean, an ultra-low-power wireless
of energy-scavenging, low-energy protocols and standard that supports energy-harvesting wireless
algorithms . One example is Bluetooth Low technology for smart buildings. Such sensors
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Energy (BLE), which is supported by new smart can be powered entirely using motion, light or
phones. BLE tags advertise their presence by temperature differences .
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sending out a message every second, and they
can operate for up to one year using a lithium coin

Table 3.1: Overview of some key applications to-date

Areas of Drivers Examples Possible development
applications
Smart cities • Continued urban growth, • Monitoring and • Continued deployment
which presents quality-of-life maintaining critical of sensors and meter-
& safety issues. By 2023, infrastructure such as ing systems will enable
there are likely to be 30 cities roads, bridges, tunnels, greater city coverage
with populations of over 20 railways, ports, com- and new applications, as
million. Over half of these will munications, water will greater availability of
be in India, China, Russia and and power . Doha, São communications capacity
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Latin America . Paulo, and Beijing have & distributed, intelligent
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• Large public and private-sec- used water pipe and network analytics. These
tor investments, such as pump monitoring sen- will include platforms
Saudi Arabia’s USD 70 billion sors to reduce leaks by for small/medium-sized
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“economic cities” project ; 40-50 per cent . businesses and software
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South Africa’s USD 7.4 billion • Networked traffic signals developer interaction .
smart city in Modderfontein ; dynamically manage
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Masdar in Abu Dhabi; Accra traffic movement across
in Ghana; Yachay in Ecuador; a city in response to
plans for over 100 smart cities measured and predicted
in India; and a USD 8 billon changes in congestion
smart city technology invest- and accidents.
ment fund in China . • Congestion charging
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systems reduce vehicle
commuting time by
10-20 per cent .
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Smart meters • Environmental sustainability – • An estimated 1.1 billion • Could save 33 per cent
and grids to increase energy efficiency smart meters will be of the total cost of con-
and reduce power consump- installed by 2022 : 80 structing a grid using
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tion, especially at times of million in Japan, hun- traditional methods .
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peak demand. dreds of millions in EU, • Will reduce downtime
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• To enable consumers to and 150 million in India . and waste through better
understand and reduce • Smart water meters load balancing and volt-
energy usage and switch to can enable leak detec- age regulation, as well
suppliers offering tariffs closer tion. Installations in the as faster detection and
to their needs. United States, Malta, diagnosis of faults.
• To integrate variable renew- India and Canada found
able and home energy an average reduction of
sources into the larger power water usage of 5-10 per
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grid. cent .
• Fraud and theft can be
remotely detected and
meters disabled.

76 Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016