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Endnotes
1 John Greenough, The 'Internet of Things' will be the world's most massive device market and save companies billions of
dollars, Business Insider (Feb. 18, 2015), http:// www. businessinsider. com/ the- internet- of- things- market- growth- and-
trends- 2015- 2#ixzz3WBO0CLrW.

2 IDC, Press Release: IDC Reveals Worldwide Internet of Things Predictions for 2015, Dec. 3, 2014, http:// www. idc. com/
getdoc. jsp? containerId= prUS25291514.

3 Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Interoperability Case Studies, https:// cyber. law. harvard. edu/ node/ 92249.
4 Justin Reich, The Role of Humans in Blended Learning, May 26, 2014, http:// www. edtechresearcher. com/ 2014/ 05/ the_
role_ of_ humans_ in_ blended_ learning/ .

5 Directive 2014/53/EU of The European Parliament And of The Council, 2014 O.J. (L. 153/62), http:// eur- lex. europa. eu/
legal- content/ EN/ TXT/ HTML/? uri= CELEX: 32014L0053& from= EN.

6 Marcus Wohlsen, Forget Apple Pay. The Master of Mobile Payments is Starbucks, Wired, Nov. 3, 2014, http:// www. wired.
com/ 2014/ 11/ forget- apple- pay- master- mobile- payments- starbucks/ .

7 Charles Arthur, How Many Google Wallet Users Are There? Google won’t say - but we can, The Guardian, Sept. 25, 2014,
http:// www. theguardian. com/ technology/ 2014/ sep/ 25/ google- wallet- apple- pay- nfc.

8 Josh Constine, CurrentC is the Big Retailers’ Clunky Attempt to Kill Apple Pay and Credit Card Fees, Tech Crunch, Oct. 25,
2014, http:// techcrunch. com/ 2014/ 10/ 25/ currentc/ .

9 Catherin Shu, Line Pay, the Messaging App’s Mobile Payments Service Will Make Its Global Debut Soon, Tech Crunch, Dec.
4, 2014, http:// techcrunch. com/ 2014/ 12/ 04/ line- pay- the- messaging- apps- mobile- payments- service- makes- its- debut/ .

10 Daisuke Wakabayashi, Apple CEO Tim Cook Happy With New Apple Pay Service, WSJ, Oct. 28, 2014, http:// www. wsj.
com/ articles/ apple- ceo- tim- cook- happy- with- new- apple- pay- service- 1414474181
11 Anthony Ha, Apple Pay Now Accepted In Nearly 700k Locations, Tech Crunch, Mar. 9, 2015, http:// techcrunch. com/ 2015/
03/ 09/ apple- pay- stats/ #rU8Np5: AqOz
12 For more information on NFC, please see Daniel Howley, What is NFC, and Why Does It Matter For The iPhone 6?,
Yahoo! Tech, Sept. 3, 2014, https:// www. yahoo. com/ tech/ what- is- nfc- and- why- does- it- matter- for- the- iphone- 6-
96456683964. html.
13 Jason Del Rey, Why You Can’t Use Apple Pay at CVS, Walmart and Other Retail Stores, Re/Code, Oct. 28, 2014, http://
recode. net/ 2014/ 10/ 28/ why- you- cant- use- apple- pay- at- cvs- walmart- and- other- retail- stores/ .
14 Bob Sullivan, How Tokenization May Change The Way You Pay, CNBC, Dec. 14, 2014, http:// www. cnbc. com/ id/
102264704.
15 National Retail Federation, Swipe Fees, https:// nrf. com/ advocacy/ policy- agenda/ swipe- fees.

16 Tom Gara, October 2015: The End of the Swipe-and-Sign Credit Card, Wall Street Journal, Feb. 6, 2014, http:// blogs. wsj.
com/ corporate- intelligence/ 2014/ 02/ 06/ october- 2015- the- end- of- the- swipe- and- sign- credit- card/ .

17 Tony Bradley, Blocking Apple Pay is a Terrible Strategy For CurrentC Merchants, Forbes, Oct. 29, 2014, http:// www. forbes.
com/ sites/ tonybradley/ 2014/ 10/ 29/ blocking- apple- pay- is- a- terrible- strategy- for- currentc- merchants/ .
18 Tina Amirtha, Google’s Secret Weapon in the Battle for the Internet of Things: Academia, Fast Company, Feb. 10, 2015,
http:// www. fastcompany. com/ 3041698/ googles- secret- weapon- in- the- battle- for- the- internet- of- things- academia.
19 ITU, Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative, http:// www. itu. int/ en/ ITU- T/ gsi/ iot/ Pages/ default. aspx.

20 See European Commission, Digital Single Market, http:// ec. europa. eu/ digital- agenda/ en/ digital- single- market.

21 European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document, A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe – Analysis and
Evidence (2015), at 59, http:// ec. europa. eu/ priorities/ digital- single- market/ docs/ dsm- swd_ en. pdf.
22 The Heartbleed Bug, http:// heartbleed. com.

23 Miriam Gottfried, HBO Now Spells Trouble for Pay TV’s Tomorrow, Wall Street Journal, Apr. 9, 2015, http:// www. wsj. com/
articles/ hbo- now- spells- trouble- for- pay- tvs- tomorrow- heard- on- the- street- 1428615881.

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