Page 77 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

We call this option No IoT Case. Since there are no communi‑ [3] Suat Mercan, Ahmet Kurt, Enes Erdin, and Kemal
cation delays in this scenario, payment sending only takes Akkaya. Cryptocurrency solutions to enable micro‑
2.1 seconds. When compared to the case where the coffee payments in consumer IoT. IEEE Consumer Electron‑
is paid with a smartwatch, the difference in the payment ics Magazine, 2021.
sending time is the communication delays for the protocol
[4] Ahmet Kurt, Enes Erdin, Mumin Cebe, Kemal
message exchanges. The results of this coffee shop exam‑ Akkaya, and A Selcuk Uluagac. LNBot: A covert hy‑
ple are summarized in Table 3.
brid botnet on bitcoin lightning network for fun and
pro it. In European Symposium on Research in Com‑
Table 3 – Total payment sending time comparison of all three cases for
the coffee shop example puter Security, pages 734–755. Springer, 2020.
Our Approach ‑ WiFi Our Approach ‑ BLE No IoT Case [5] Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer‑to‑peer elec‑
2.66 seconds 5.82 seconds 2.1 seconds
tronic cash system. Technical report, 2008. https:
//bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
7.5 Cost analysis
[6] Gavin Wood. Ethereum: A secure decentralised gen‑
We now investigate the total monthly payment sending eralised transaction ledger. Technical report, 2014.
cost of the IoT device. The only associated cost of the pay‑ https://github.com/ethereum/yellowpaper.
ment sending comes from the fees the LN gateway charges
[7] Qiheng Zhou, Huawei Huang, Zibin Zheng, and Jing
when it sends payments for the IoT device. We assume
Bian. Solutions to scalability of blockchain: A survey.
that the fee that will be charged totally depends on the LN
IEEE Access, 8:16440–16455, 2020.
gateway and speci ic use case of the service (i.e., paying
for toll, paying for coffee, etc.). For the toll example, let us [8] Christian Decker and Roger Wattenhofer. A fast
assume that a car passes through the toll 2 times a day. If and scalable payment network with bitcoin duplex
the toll charges $1.5 per pass, the car pays $3 a day. The micropayment channels. In Symposium on Self‑
LN gateway also charges a %k fee on top of the toll. If we Stabilizing Systems, pages 3–18. Springer, 2015.
take k=10, then the car pays $3.3 in total, $0.3 of which
[9] Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. The bitcoin light‑
goes to the LN gateway. The LN gateway’s fee includes the
ning network: Scalable off‑chain instant payments.
LN’s payment routing fees which are usually around a few
Technical report, 2016. http://lightning.netw
satoshi per payment [34]. Then in one month, the car will
ork/lightning-network-paper.pdf.
pay $9 to the LN gateway for the fees. While it depends on
the driver, we believe that the re lected cost is negligible [10] Kenichi Kurimoto. Lightning network x IoT(LoT);
considering the comfort of the fast toll payments. potential, challenges and solutions, accessed 2021‑
03. https://medium.com/nayuta-en/lightning
8. CONCLUSION -network-x-iot-lot-potential-challenges-
and-solutions-6e4d8b4c252a.
In this paper, we proposed a secure and ef icient proto‑
[11] Christopher Hannon and Dong Jin. Bitcoin payment‑
col for enabling IoT devices to use Bitcoin’s LN for send‑
channels for resource limited IoT devices. In Pro‑
ing payments. By modifying LN’s existing peer protocol
ceedings of the International Conference on Omni‑
and on‑chain Bitcoin transactions, a third peer (i.e. IoT
Layer Intelligent Systems, pages 50–57, 2019.
device) was added to the LN channels. The purpose was
to enable resource‑constrained IoT devices that normally [12] Jérémy Robert, Sylvain Kubler, and Sankalp Ghat‑
cannot interact with LN to interact with it and perform pande. Enhanced lightning network (off‑chain)‑
micro‑payments with other users. The IoT device’s inter‑ based micropayment in IoT ecosystems. Future Gen‑
actions with LN are achieved through a gateway node that eration Computer Systems, 2020.
has access to LN and thus can provide LN services to it in
[13] Arman Pouraghily and Tilman Wolf. A lightweight
return for a fee. In order to prevent possible threats that
payment veri ication protocol for blockchain trans‑
might arise from broadcasting old states, LN’s commit‑
actions on IoT devices. In 2019 International Con‑
ment transactions were ied. Our evaluation results
ference on Computing, Networking and Communica‑
showed that the proposed protocol enables LN payments tions (ICNC), pages 617–623. IEEE, 2019.
for the IoT devices with negligible delays.
[14] Brainbot Labs. raiden ‑ a payment channel frame‑
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