Page 11 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

3-of-3 multisignature approach for enabling lightning network micro-

payments on IoT devices

Pages 53-67
Ahmet Kurt, Suat Mercan, Enes Erdin, Kemal Akkaya
Bitcoin's success as a cryptocurrency enabled it to penetrate into many daily life transactions. Its
problems regarding the transaction fees and long validation times are addressed through an innovative
concept called the Lightning Network (LN) which works on top of Bitcoin by leveraging off-chain
transactions. This made Bitcoin an attractive micropayment solution that can also be used within certain
IoT applications (e.g., toll payments) since it eliminates the need for traditional centralized payment
systems. Nevertheless, it is not possible to run LN and Bitcoin on resource-constrained IoT devices due
to their storage, memory, and processing requirements. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient
and secure protocol that enables an IoT device to use LN's functions through a gateway LN node even
if it is not trusted. The idea is to involve the IoT device only in signing operations, which is possible by
replacing LN's original 2-of-2 multisignature channels with 3-of-3 multisignature channels. Once the
gateway is delegated to open a channel for the IoT device in a secure manner, our protocol enforces the
gateway to request the IoT device's cryptographic signature for all further operations on the channel
such as sending payments or closing the channel. LN's Bitcoin transactions are revised to incorporate
the 3-of-3 multisignature channels. In addition, we propose other changes to protect the IoT device's
funds from getting stolen in possible revoked state broadcast attempts. We evaluated the proposed
protocol using a Raspberry Pi considering a toll payment scenario. Our results show that timely
payments can be sent and the computational and communication delays associated with the protocol
are negligible.

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SIoT for cognitive logistics: Leveraging the social graph of digital
twins for effective operations on real-time events

Pages 69-79
Miha Cimperman, Angela Dimitriou, Kostas Kalaboukas, Aziz S. Mousas, Salvatore Quattropani
Over the years, with the migration of organizations towards the concepts of logistics 4.0, a paradigm
shift was necessary to guarantee logistics efficiency. The challenge is to dynamically cope in real time
with vast number of shipments and destinations, which need to be realigned both with a determined
lead time and with a finite of available resources. Although a number of standards have already been
adopted for the management of transport and logistics operations, taking advantage, for instance, of
Decision Support Systems and Geographic Information Systems, new models are required for achieving
effective handling of the dynamic logistics environment that is shaped today. In this paper, an integrated
logistics framework addressing the previous challenges is presented, for the first time, as a result of the
activities of the H2020 COG-LO project. This novel approach exploits Social Internet of Things (SIoT)
and the digital twins technique to realize the concept of the Cognitive Logistics Object (CLO). A CLO
is defined as an entity that is augmented with cognitive capabilities, it is autonomous, and bears social-
like capabilities, which enable the formulation of ad hoc communities for negotiating optimal solutions
in logistics operations.

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