Page 109 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications
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ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3




          3. Considering re lective spherical nano‑transmitters in‑  [6] Josep Miquel Jornet and Ian F Akyildiz. “Graphene‑
          stead of point nano‑transmitters for directional gain in   based   nano‑antennas  for   electromagnetic
          the TDD scenario: Having a directional gain can increase   nanocommunications in the terahertz band”.
          the gain of the drug delivery system and prevent the       In: Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2010
          molecular dispersion in non‑target environments.           Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on.
                                                                     IEEE. 2010, pp. 1–5.
          6.  CONCLUSION                                        [7] Mehmet S Kuran, Huseyin Birkan Yilmaz, Tuna

          Molecular communications is a promising paradigm to ex‑    Tugcu, and Ian F Akyildiz. “Modulation techniques
                                                                     for communication via diffusion in nanonetworks”.
          change information among bio‑nanomachines and is re‑
                                                                     In: Communications (ICC), 2011 IEEE International
          alized through transmission, propagation and eventually
                                                                     Conference on. IEEE. 2011, pp. 1–5.
          reception of molecules. It is known as a practical solu‑
          tion for communication among nano‑networks. This idea  [8] Lluı́s Parcerisa Giné and Ian F Akyildiz. “Molecu‑
          is inspired by nature and by observing successful molec‑   lar communication options for long range nanonet‑
          ular transmissions inside cells and between cells.         works”. In: Computer Networks 53.16 (2009),
          The transmission mechanism which is widely assumed in      pp. 2753–2766.
          the related literature is free diffusion. Free diffusion is the  [9] Ian F Akyildiz, Josep Miquel Jornet, and Massimil‑
          most basic transmission mechanism in molecular com‑        iano Pierobon. “Nanonetworks: A new frontier in
          munication. The advantages of this mechanism are zero      communications”. In: Communications of the ACM
          energy consumption and no need for infrastructure. Of      54.11 (2011), pp. 84–89.
          course, this method requires a large number of molecules
          and due to the random movement of molecules, the time  [10] Nariman Farsad, H Birkan Yilmaz, Andrew Eckford,
          needed to reach the destination is high.                   Chan‑Byoung Chae, and Weisi Guo. “A comprehen‑
          In this paper, releasing rate control for therapeutic ap‑  sive survey of recent advancements in molecular
          plications such as drug delivery using molecular commu‑    communication”. In: IEEE Communications Surveys
          nication is considered. In stable drug delivery systems,   & Tutorials 18.3 (2016), pp. 1887–1919.
          nano‑transmitters must release drug molecules over a  [11] L. Felicetti, M. Femminella, G. Reali, and P. Liò.
          relatively long period of time to ensure target treatment.  “Applications of molecular communications to
          Therefore, transmitter nanomachines should use contin‑     medicine: A survey”. In: Nano Communication Net‑
          uous release instead of instantaneous release of drug      works 7 (2016), pp. 27–45. ISSN: 18787789.
          molecules. Also, the concentration of the drug at the tar‑
                                                               [12] Luca Felicetti, Mauro Femminella, Gianluca Reali,
          get site should be between two amounts of minimum ef‑
                                                                     Tadashi Nakano, and Athanasios V Vasilakos. “TCP‑
          fective concentration and maximum tolerable concentra‑
                                                                     like molecular communications”. In: IEEE Journal
          tion. Rate control is used in other applications such as tis‑
                                                                     on Selected Areas in Communications 32.12 (2014),
          sue engineering and the immune system.
                                                                     pp. 2354–2367.
                                                               [13] Baris Atakan. Molecular Communications and
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