Page 108 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

Table 1 – Comparison of state‑of‑the‑art research on releasing rate control for TDD

ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ zĞĂƌ ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ EĂŶŽŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐ EĂŶŽŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐ ZĞĐĞŝǀĞƌ ƚLJƉĞ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ
ƚLJƉĞ ŽĨ DŽďŝůŝƚLJ ĐŽŶĨŝŐƵƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
ŵŽůĞĐƵůĞ
΀Ϯϵ΁ ϮϬϭϲ ϭ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ D/^K dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϬ΁ ϮϬϭϳ ϭ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ D/^K dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϭ΁ ϮϬϭϵ ϭ LJŶĂŵŝĐ ^/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϮ΁ ϮϬϭϵ ϭ LJŶĂŵŝĐ ^/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϯ΁ ϮϬϭϴ Ϯ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ ^/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϰ΁ ϮϬϭϴ ϭ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ D/DK Ͳ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶͲĚƌŝĨƚ
΀ϯϱ΁ ϮϬϮϬ ϭ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ ^/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϲ΁ ϮϬϮϬ ϭ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ D/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϳ΁ ϮϬϮϭ ϭ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ ^/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶͲĚƌŝĨƚ
΀ϯϴ΁ ϮϬϭϴ Ϯ ^ƚĂƚŝĐ D/^K dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ
΀ϯϵ΁ ϮϬϮϬ ϭ LJŶĂŵŝĐ D/^K ďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶͲĚƌŝĨƚ
΀ϰϬ΁ ϮϬϭϵ ϯ LJŶĂŵŝĐ D/^K Ͳ ŝĨĨƵƐŝŽŶ

especially for higher values of toxicity constraint and se‑ the mean service time. Therefore, the stochastic nature
quence length, feedback, in terms of causal knowledge of ligand‑receptor binding, which comes from the incapa‑
of the number of delivered molecules, improves perfor‑ bility of a receptor to receive all molecules in its space;
mance of ASK‑based molecular communication. and also known as receptor occupancy is modeled. These
In [22], a multiple transmitter local drug delivery sys‑ indings can have a crucial role in designing drug deliv‑
tem associated with encapsulated drug transmitters is in‑ ery systems in which determining the optimal rate of the
vestigated in order to overcome one of the limitations of drug transmitting nanomachines is critical to avoid toxic‑
drug delivery systems, the reservoir capacity. In order to ity while maintaining effectiveness.
improve the lifetime of drug transmitting nanomachines,
and, hence, the longevity of a drug delivery scenario, the 5. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
systemisassociatedwithencapsulateddrugtransmitters.
Encapsulated drugs are incapable of reaction with the en‑ Researchers are continuously exploring ideas to provide
vironment unless they are unpacked in a drug transmit‑ enhanced healthcare delivery in ways that either comple‑
ter nanomachine. Therefore, far‑reaching transmitters do ments existing solutions or introduce entirely new tech‑
not have harmful effects on the healthy parts of the body. nological solutions. In recent years, considerable re‑
The advantage of this protocol is to increase the time in‑ search in the area of molecular communication has been
terval between consecutive administrations without in‑ devoted to design and implement a more effective drug
creased toxicity. As a result, it improves the mental health delivery system. Considering the current research and
of patients and reduces the costs of treatment. The life‑ advancements in the ield of TDD using molecular com‑
time of this drug delivery system depends on the distri‑ munication, a number of research opportunities are sug‑
bution and topology of encapsulated drug transmitters gested as follows:
rather than their rates. Finally, a lower bound is derived 1. Considering the dynamic conditions of the environ‑
on the expected lifetime of a Poisson distributed random ment and the tumor in the TDD system so that the amount
network of nanomachines. The performance of this life‑ of drug released can be controlled according to the envi‑
time improvement protocol is compared with two other ronmental conditions, size and activity of the tumor. The
protocols which are the direct extension of the drug de‑ optimal drug delivery rate calculated in many works is
livery system introduced in [31]. with the assumption of stable environmental conditions
A TDD system with intelligent nanomachines which does and tumor characteristics. If the environmental condi‑
not only rely on blood vessel circulation, is presented tions or characteristics of the tumor change, the drug de‑
in [39]. A big intelligent nanomachine takes small intelli‑ livery rate of the transmitter nanomachines should be ad‑
gent nanomachines and drugs to the vicinity of the tumor justed accordingly automatically or by applying an exter‑
area to release drug molecules there. The nanomachines nal stimulus.
are assumed to be resource constrained with simple in‑ 2. Investigating the rate control problem in similar ap‑
telligence. They collaborate to ind the path between the plications such as tissue engineering and rate control of
home and destination. They then go back to the home, growth factors: Although the rate control problem in tis‑
load the drug again and repeat the delivery process. sue engineering applications is very similar to rate con‑
In[40], a single receptor is modeled as an M/M/1/1 queue trol in a TDD system, details of the new problem should
considering the complementary blocking probability and be considered in rate control system design.

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