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digital transformation solutions. Standards are also [5] Thomas M. Siebel: “Digital Transformation: Survive
fundamental for technologies such as communications, and Thrive in the Era of Mass Extinction”, Rosetta
computing, and storage. What is even more important is that Books, July 9, 2019. 256 pages (ISBN-13: 978-
the standards are long-lived. An exemplary example are the 1948122481)
Internet Protocols, without which we would not have one of
the infrastructures that we count on so much. Uncertainty [6] Gerald C. Kane, Anh Nguyen Phillips, Jonathan R.
and churn in standards creates a setting where fear of Copulsky, and Garth R. Andreus: “The Technology
stranded investments and future migration costs drives away Fallacy: How People are the Real Key to Digital
investments. For communications the organizations such as Transformation”, MIT Press, April 16, 2019. 280
ITU, 3GPP, the IETF, W3C, IEEE SA, and national SDOs pages (ISBN-13: 978-0262039680)
play an important role. The AI and data protocols are also
important for the automation of network functions especially [7] Tony Saldanha: “Why Digital Transformations Fail:
with the explosive growth of connected devices and there are The Surprising Disciplines of How to Take Off and
active working groups within SDOs considering the adoption Stay Ahead”, Barrett-Koehler Publishers, July 23,
of AI algorithms and data interfaces. Many of the low-level 2019. 240 pages (ISBN-13: 978-1523085347)
methods and tools that have been mentioned above such as
RDF, SPARQL, OWL, and Triple Store have been codified [8] IDC Projection:
and are supported by standards. https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS4
6377220
There are also a number of organizations such as the
Knowledge Graph Foundation that have been formed to [9] Thomas Lager: “Contemporary Quality Function
standardize approaches, provide benchmarks, and codify Deployment for Product and Process Innovation:
best practices. The Linux Foundation is experimenting with Towards Digital Transformation of Customer
methods and the legal machinery for encouraging the sharing Product Information in a New Knowledge-Based
of AI/ML models by providing standard licensing Approach”, World Scientific Publishing Company,
agreements akin to open source. All of this is in the early August 14, 2019. 354 pages (ISBN-13: 978-
stages but necessary for success. 9813279872)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [10] Roger Bootle: “The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and
Welfare in the Age of the Robot”, Nicholas Brealey,
I would like to thank Jacobus Geluk who is the CTO of November 26, 2019. 224 pages (ISBN-13: 978-
Agnos.Ai and Dennis Roberson from Illinois Institute of 1473696167)
Technology for many useful discussions about the use of AI
and the underlying data in developing strong solutions for [11] Marco Iansiti, and Karim R. Lakhani: “Competing in
creating value for digital transformation, and for some of the the Age of AI: Strategy and Leadership When
ideas that are the basis of the talk accompanying this paper. Algorithms and Networks Run the World”, Harvard
In addition, I would also like to recognize the US FCC Business Review Press, January 7, 2020. 288 pages
Technological Advisory Council Working Group (WG) on (ISBN-13: 978-1633697621)
AI, where I benefited from the WG deliberations and from
the privilege of listening to many in-depth presentations by [12] Stuart Russell: “Human Compatible: Artificial
experts on AI and the data sciences. Intelligence and the Problem of Control”, Viking,
October 8, 2019. 352 pages (ISBN-13: 978-
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[2] John Markoff: “The Attack of the ‘Killer Micros’”, [14] Tim Berners-Lee, “Semantic Web Roadmap”, 14
The New York Times, Section D, Page1, May 6, October 1998.
1991. https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html

[3] Michael Hammer, and James A. Champy: “Re- [15] Piero Andrea Bonatti, Stefan Decker, Axel Pollers,
engineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for and Valentina Presutti; Editors: “Knowledge Graphs:
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[4] Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitization DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.8.9.29

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