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346 See Olickel, H (2016) Why Smart Contracts Fail: Undiscovered Bugs and What We Can Do About Them, available at
https:// goo .gl/ 0PTBIm.
347 Alharby, M & van Moorsel, A (2017) Blockchain-based Smart Contracts: A Systematic Mapping Study, available at http://
bit .ly/ 2Ghmw3k
348 This may be particularly pronounced with DLTs with high latencies, whereby the nodes all need to be communicated
with, and their responses obtained.

349 See Olickel, H (2016) Why Smart Contracts Fail: Undiscovered Bugs and What We Can Do About Them, available at
https:// goo .gl/ 0PTBIm.
350 Table from Atzei, N & Bartoletti, M & Cimoli, T (2016) Survey of Attacks on Ethereum Smart Contracts, available at
http:// bit .ly/ 32DcDXa; Li, Xiaoqi; Jiang, Peng; Chen, Ting et al. (2017) A Survey on the Security of Blockchain Systems,
available at http:// bit .ly/ 2YfLQko
351 Atzei, N; Bartoletti, M & Cimoli, T (2016) A Survey of Attacks on Ethereum Smart Contracts, available at http:// bit .ly/
2GkTU9k
352 ‘The language Vyper is not Turing complete, Solidity is at the same time, a program written in Vyper will always have a
predictable output. A program written in Solidity will not have a predictable output until and unless it is deployed and
executed.’ Singh, N (2019) Turing Completeness and the Ethereum Blockchain, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2M0rFAI
353 Rosic, A (2017) What is Ethereum Classic? Ethereum vs Ethereum Classic, available at http:// bit .ly/ 32DeeME
354 Smith, K (2018) Parity Tech has 'no intention of splitting Ethereum' over 513,000 stranded ETH, available at http:// bit .ly/
32vEAQV
355 See http:// bit .ly/ 2Yb3KF7
356 Wilmoth, J (2018) $330 Million: EIP-999 Stokes Debate Over ETH Frozen by Parity’s Contract Bug, available at http://
bit .ly/ 2xS1NyD; Farmer, S (2017) Turing Incompleteness and the Sad State of Solidity, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2O7fepg;
http:// bit .ly/ 2Yb3KF7
357 Alharby, M & van Moorsel, A (2017) Blockchain-based Smart Contracts: A Systematic Mapping Study, available at http://
bit .ly/ 2Ghmw3k
358 Improper developer coding.
359 Estimation of Gas for a smart contract can be performed using the Ethereum Yellow Paper, see Wood, G (2017)
Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger EIP-150 REVISION; The ETH Gas Station gas
estimator can be found at http:// bit .ly/ 2Z0WPeJ and http:// bit .ly/ 2JGENta
360 See the following articles which explain Gas estimation strategies: http:// bit .ly/ 2xYE67P; http:// bit .ly/ 30GTdyZ; http://
bit .ly/ 2xYE67P; http:// bit .ly/ 2LZKdAN
361 The cost of Gas for a smart contract is equal to (Gas Needed * Gas Price) which is typically measured in ‘Gwei.’ 1 ETH is
the equivalent of 1e9 Gwei. http:// ethdocs .org/ en/ latest/ ether .html; The conversion can be performed with the help of
online tools such as: http:// bit .ly/ 2Y4FwZb
362 See further, Kakavand, H (2016) The Blockchain Revolution: An Analysis of Regulation and Technology Related to
Distributed Ledger Technologies, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2Z0D5bf.
363 https:// github .com/ ethereum/ wiki/ wiki/ White -Paper
364 This includes the multimillion dollar losses resulting from failures, such as the inability to revive contracts or recover lost
Ether.
365 Multi-signature transactions require a trust agent to be involved to ensure that the conditions for triggering the
contract between the parties have been met and the contract can be executed. LTP (2016) Blockchain-Enabled Smart
Contracts: Applications and Challenges, available at https:// goo .gl/ fzwLSR.
366 The accuracy of prediction markets rests in the idea that the average prediction made by a group is superior to that
made by any of the individuals in that group. The economic incentive can be built in a way so that it rewards the
most accurate prediction. For an example of implementation of predictive market technology built on the Ethereum
blockchain, see www .augur .net.
367 Oracle services are third-parties that are verifying the outcome of the events and feed the data to smart contracts data
services. However, the issue of trust of these oracles has been raised.

368 See Shabab, H (2014) What are Smart Contracts, and What Can We do with Them?, available at https:// goo .gl/ xpG0FS;
and Wright, A & De Filippi, P (2015) Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia, available
at http:// bit .ly/ 2Yfmu6i.

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