Page 28 - Technical report on SS7 vulnerabilities and mitigation measures for digital financial services transactions
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FIGURE A.2: LTE (Diameter) protocol stack





                              App                                        App
                                               eNodeB App                                 SGW/PGW App
                            eMM/eSM                                    eMM/eSM

                              RRC         RRC     S1AP   eGTP-u      S1AP    eGTP-C     eGTP-C   eGTP-u

                             PDCP        PDCP
                                                 SCTP     UDP        SCTP     UDP             UDP
                              RLC         RLC

                              MAC         MAC         IP                  IP                   IP
                              PHY         PHY        L1/L2              L1/L2                L1/L2

                               UE             eNodeB                     MME            SGW/PGW































































           26 • Technical report on SS7 vulnerabilities and mitigation measures for digital financial services transactions
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