Page 28 - Technical report on SS7 vulnerabilities and mitigation measures for digital financial services transactions
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FIGURE A.2: LTE (Diameter) protocol stack
App App
eNodeB App SGW/PGW App
eMM/eSM eMM/eSM
RRC RRC S1AP eGTP-u S1AP eGTP-C eGTP-C eGTP-u
PDCP PDCP
SCTP UDP SCTP UDP UDP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC IP IP IP
PHY PHY L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2
UE eNodeB MME SGW/PGW
26 • Technical report on SS7 vulnerabilities and mitigation measures for digital financial services transactions