Page 191 - Shaping smarter and more sustainable cities - Striving for sustainable development goals

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"almost half of the world's wealth is now owned by just one per cent of the population." Since SSC
strive for social sustainability is therefore important that the projects developed include all the
levels of society.
The range and nature of the multiple challenges that are faced by SSC evidence the need to gain a
more in‐depth understanding of the stakeholders that play a role in the operation of SSC, that can
help overcome obstacles and take advantage of opportunities towards the realization of smart and
sustainable city goals.

Having explored the different challenges that cities face, it is important to realize the multi‐
stakeholder nature of SSC. Accordingly, the next section will propose a methodology to facilitate the
identification of these stakeholders, as well as their inclusion into SSC strategies.

2 Methodology for SSC stakeholder identification and
engagement

In this report a stakeholder is defined as any entity, an institution or an individual, that has an
interest in smart sustainable cities. A stakeholder may also be an entity/institution/individual that
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can significantly influence or be influenced by its deployment.
Stakeholder engagement may be viewed as a technique of enhancing the (i) relevance, (ii)
responsiveness (iii) accountability (iv) transparency (v) inclusiveness (vi) legitimacy (vii)
effectiveness (viii) efficiency (ix) equitability of the decision making process. Keeping in mind the
aforementioned aspects, if the stakeholder identification and participation are carried out properly,
good participation can itself make a significant contribution to the governance. This is based on the
assumption that policymaking conducted in an interactive way would build on stakeholder
knowledge and this process of policy making would be more contextual, reliable and easy to
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implement. Based on this, the methodology for stakeholder analysis for SSC has been elaborated
in this Technical Report.

The methodology for stakeholder analysis that has been followed in this report is an adaptation of
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the principles proposed by the Logical Framework Approach (LFA). The methodological approach
proposed is general in scope, and aims at obtaining a broad classification of the stakeholders
involved in a city that wants to become smart and sustainable. This method can be adapted by a
particular city to identify and analyse the stakeholders that play a role at the local level.
The steps proposed are summarized in Figure 1 and further developed during this chapter.

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20 Working for the few. Oxfam 2014. http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp‐working‐for‐
few‐political‐capture‐economic‐inequality‐200114‐en.pdf
21 The definition is a modification from the definition that appears in
http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/PoliticalEconomy/stakeholderanalysis.htm
22 Strengthening UNEP’s Legitimacy: Towards Greater Stakeholder Engagement. United Nations Environment
Programme
23 Introduction to the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) for GEF‐financed projects. German Foundation for
International Development.

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