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presentations%20 -%20 GSR14/ Session%202 %20GSR14%20 -%20 Discussion%20 paper%20 -%20 Competition. pd (Accessed
on May 20, 2015).
22 Safaricom ordered to open M-Pesa platform. Available at: http:// www. kbc. co. ke/ safaricom- ordered- to- open- m- pesa-
platform/ (Accessed on June 1, 2015).
23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.
25 M-Powering Development Initiative Report 2015 at page 14. Available at: http:// www. itu. int/ en/ ITU- D/ Initiatives/ m-
Powering/ Documents/ m- PoweringDevelopmentInitiative_ Report2015. pdf (Accessed on May 28, 2015).
26 M-Powering Development Initiative Report 2015 at page xi. Available at: http:// www. itu. int/ en/ ITU- D/ Initiatives/ m-
Powering/ Documents/ m- PoweringDevelopmentInitiative_ Report2015. pdf (Accessed on May 28, 2015).

27 See example of The National Broadband Strategy for Kenya. Available at : http:// ca. go. ke/ images// downloads/
PUBLICATIONS/ NATIONAL%20 BROADBAND%20 STRATEGY/ National%20 Broadband%20 Strategy. pdf (Accessed on May 18,
2015).
28 This framework should not be limited to the creation of a Universal Service Fund and should be open to other
mechanisms such as internal cross-subsidies, public-private partnerships (PPPs), pay or play mechanisms, General
Government Budget Contributions/Grants, Interconnection Surcharges, a municipal network alternative, and other
funding approaches.

29 http:// www. broadbandcommission. org/ Documents/ Broadband_ Targets. pdf (Accessed on May 20, 2015).

30 M-Powering Development Initiative Report 2015 at page 5. Available at: http:// www. itu. int/ en/ ITU- D/ Initiatives/ m-
Powering/ Documents/ m- PoweringDevelopmentInitiative_ Report2015. pdf (Accessed on May 28, 2015).
31 See key elements to consider in development of an effective framework to address universality in GSR 2009 Background
Paper, Trends in Universal Access and Service Policies by Sofie Maddens. Available at : http:// www. ictregulationtoolkit.
org/ en/ toolkit/ docs/ Document/ 3829 (Accessed on May 20, 2015).

32 The Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program, “Spectrum as a Resource for Enabling Innovation Policy”
Feb, 2013 at viii Foreword.
33 GSMA, Mobile Policy Handbook, October 2014 at page 9.

34 Ibid. at v Foreword.

35 See sample proposals from The Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program, “Spectrum as a Resource for
Enabling Innovation Policy” Feb, 2013 (Available at: http:// csreports. aspeninstitute. org/ documents/ Spectrum- Resource-
Enabling- Innovation- Policy. pdf ) (Accessed on May 4, 2015).

36 Ibid.
37 One such proposal from the United States President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)—
published in mid-2012— PCAST recommendations was the adjustment of policy initiatives including maintaining the
clearance and auctioning approach, to enable a “staircase” access to spectrum. This would allow start-ups with limited
resources to initially test their ideas using an experimental license. They can then transition to early commercial service
using free unlicensed access, perhaps in TV white space. Next, as business grows, they can move to shared licensed
access to federal spectrum for a moderate fee. Finally, as the full potential of the business becomes clear, they can
acquire spectrum at auction in a conventional manner. The range of proposals is available at: President’s Council of
Advisors on Science and Technology, “Realizing the full potential of government-held spectrum to spur economic
growth,” July 2012. Available at: http:// www. whitehouse. gov/ sites/ default/ files/ microsites/ ostp/ pcast_ spectrum_
report_ final_ july_ 20_ 2012. pdf. (Accessed on May 16, 2015).

38 GSR 14 Discussion Paper: New frontiers in spectrum licensing, Alden et al. Available at: http:// www. itu. int/ en/ ITU- D/
Conferences/ GSR/ Documents/ GSR2014/ Discussion%20 papers%20 and%20 presentations%20 -%20 GSR14/ Session4_
GSR14- DiscussionPaper- SpectrumLicensing. pdf (Accessed on May 29, 2015).
39 Microsoft Research: Pilots & Demonstrations. Available at: http:// research. microsoft. com/ en- us/ projects/ spectrum/
pilots. aspx (Accessed on June 1, 2015)

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