Page 37 - Shaping ethics, regulation and standardization in AI for health

Shaping ethics, regulation and standardization in AI for health

studies and existing challenges, working towards establishing a consensus on classification and
data standards for this technology.

A�4�18 TG-Dental Output 1: Artificial intelligence in dental research: A checklist
for authors and reviewers

Summary: The checklist for dental artificial intelligence (AI) studies in this document was
produced as a collaboration of experts from the International Association for Dental Research
(IADR) E-oral Health Network and the ITU/WHO Focus Group on AI for Health.

The number of studies employing artificial intelligence, specifically machine and deep learning,
is growing fast. The majority of studies suffer from limitations in planning, conduct and reporting,
resulting in low robustness, reproducibility and applicability. This document presents a
consensus checklist on planning, conducting and reporting of AI studies for authors, reviewers
and readers in dental research.

Lending from existing reviews, standards and other guidance documents, an initial draft of the
checklist and an explanatory document were derived and discussed among the members of
IADR's e-oral network and the ITU/WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health (AI4H).
The checklist was consented by 27 group members via an e-Delphi process.

As a result, 31 items on planning, conducting and reporting studies of AI studies were agreed
upon covering: the study's wider goal, focus, design and specific aims, data sampling and
reporting, sample estimation, reference test construction, model parameters, training and
evaluation, uncertainty and explainability, performance metrics and data partitions.

Current studies on AI in dentistry show considerable weaknesses, hampering their replication
and application. Authors, reviewers and readers should consider this checklist when planning,
conducting, reporting and evaluating studies on AI in dentistry. This checklist may help to
overcome this issue and advance AI research as well as facilitate a debate on standards in this
fields.

A�4�19 TG-Dental Output 2: Artificial intelligence for oral and dental healthcare:
Core education curriculum

Summary: The core elements of a curriculum for oral and dental artificial intelligence (AI)
identified in this document were produced as a collaboration of experts from the International
Association for Dental Research (IADR) E-oral Health Network and the ITU/WHO Focus Group
on AI for Health.

Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is swiftly entering oral health services and dentistry, while
most providers show limited knowledge and skills to appraise dental AI applications. We aimed
to define a core curriculum for both undergraduate and postgraduate education, establishing
a minimum set of outcomes learners should acquire when taught about oral and dental AI.

Methods: Existing curricula and other documents focusing on literacy of medical professionals
around AI were screened and relevant items extracted. Items were scoped and adapted using
expert interviews with members of the IADR's e-oral health and education group and the
ITU/WHO's Focus Group AI for Health. Learning outcome levels were defined and each item

27