Page 60 - U4SSC Factsheet Ålesund, Norway, June 2020

Endnotes

1 International Telecommunication Union. ’KPIs for Smart Sustainable Cities.’ https:// www .itu .int/ en/ ITU -T/
ssc/ Pages/ KPIs -on -SSC .aspx.
2 Mission of Norway to the EU. “Climate Change and the Environment.” Norgesportalen, www .norway .no/
en/ missions/ eu/ values -priorities/ climate -env/ .
3 International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ’Collection Methodology for Key Performance Indicators
for Smart Sustainable Cities‘. 2017, https:// www .itu .int/ en/ publications/ Documents/ tsb/ 2017 -U4SSC
-Collection -Methodology/ files/ downloads/ 421318 -C ollectionMethodologyforKPIfoSSC -2017 .pdf.

4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). ’Living in Ålesund.’ 2019, www .ntnu .edu/
lifeandhousing/ alesund.

5 Benchmark performance is represented by four ranges (1) 0 – 33 % of target, (2) 33 – 66 % of target, (3)
66 – 95 % of target and (4) 95 + % of target. The number of coloured circles indicate where the city’s data
fit into those benchmarks

6 Recon Analytics LLC. ’How America’s 4g Leadership Propelled the U.S. Economy.’ 16 Apr. 2018, https://
api .ctia .org/ wp -content/ uploads/ 2018/ 04/ Recon -Analytics _How -Americas -4G -Leadership -Propelled -US
-Economy _2018 .pdf.
7 The World Bank. ’Households w/ Internet Access, %.’ The World Bank Group, 2016, https:// tcdata360
.worldbank .org/ indicators/ entrp .household .inet ?country = BRA & indicator = 3429 & viz = line _chart & years =
2012 ,2016.

8 Newcombe, Tod. ’IT Department? In Small-Town Governments, They Rarely Exist.’ Governing the States
and Localities, E.Republic, Inc., July 2017, www .governing .com/ columns/ tech -talk/ gov -information
-technology -small -governments .html.
9 Wogan, J.B. ’New Study Identifies the Best Cities for Good Government.’ Governing the States and
Localities, E.Republic, Inc., 25 May 2017, www .governing .com/ topics/ urban/ gov -living -cities -equit
-innovate -report .html.
10 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). ’Unemployment - Youth
Unemployment Rate.’ OECD Data, 2018, https:// data .oecd .org/ unemp/ youth -unemployment -rate .htm.
11 Trading Economics. ’European Union Youth Unemployment Rate.’ 2019.
12 Bussgang, Jeffrey, et al. ’How to Attract Startups and Tech Companies to a City Without Relying on Tax
Breaks.’ Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publishing., 15 May 2019, https:// hbr .org/
2019/ 05/ how -to -attract -startups -and -tech -companies -to -a -city -without -relying -on -tax -breaks.
13 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). ’Cultivating Successful Entrepreneurs.’
2019, www .oecd .org/ cfe/ leed/ entrepreneurship .htm.
14 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). ’Digital for SMEs and Entrepreneurs.’
2019, www .oecd .org/ cfe/ smes/ digital -smes .htm.
15 Bussgang, Jeffrey, et al. ’How to Attract Startups and Tech Companies to a City Without Relying on Tax
Breaks.’ Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publishing., 15 May 2019, https:// hbr .org/
2019/ 05/ how -to -attract -startups -and -tech -companies -to -a -city -without -relying -on -tax -breaks.

16 Chung, Emily. ’Why Wells Are Running Dry: Groundwater Is Mostly Non-Renewable.’ CBC News, CBC/
Radio Canada, 18 Nov. 2015, www .cbc .ca/ news/ technology/ groundwater -study -1 .3318137.

54 U4SSC Factsheet | Ålesund, Norway | June 2020