Page 61 - First special issue on The impact of Artificial Intelligence on communication networks and services

,78 -2851$/ ,&7 'LVFRYHULHV 9RO 0DUFK

(;3/$,1$%/( $57,),&,$/ ,17(//,*(1&( 81'(567$1',1*
9,68$/,=,1* $1' ,17(535(7,1* '((3 /($51,1* 02'(/6

:RMFLHFK 6DPHN 7KRPDV :LHJDQG .ODXV 5REHUW 0OOHU
'HSW RI 9LGHR &RGLQJ $QDO\WLFV )UDXQKRIHU +HLQULFK +HUW] ,QVWLWXWH %HUOLQ *HUPDQ\
'HSW RI (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH 7HFKQLVFKH 8QLYHUVLWlW %HUOLQ %HUOLQ *HUPDQ\
'HSW RI %UDLQ &RJQLWLYH (QJLQHHULQJ .RUHD 8QLYHUVLW\ 6HRXO 6RXWK .RUHD
0D[ 3ODQFN ,QVWLWXWH IRU ,QIRUPDWLFV 6DDUEUFNHQ *HUPDQ\

$EVWUDFW ± :LWK WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI ODUJH GDWDEDVHV DQG UHFHQW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ GHHS OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGRORJ\ WKH
SHUIRUPDQFH RI $, V\VWHPV LV UHDFKLQJ RU HYHQ H[FHHGLQJ WKH KXPDQ OHYHO RQ DQ LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI FRPSOH[
WDVNV ,PSUHVVLYH H[DPSOHV RI WKLV GHYHORSPHQW FDQ EH IRXQG LQ GRPDLQV VXFK DV LPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQ VHQWLPHQW
DQDO\VLV VSHHFK XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RU VWUDWHJLF JDPH SOD\LQJ +RZHYHU EHFDXVH RI WKHLU QHVWHG QRQ OLQHDU
VWUXFWXUH WKHVH KLJKO\ VXFFHVVIXO PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DQG DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH PRGHOV DUH XVXDOO\ DSSOLHG LQ D
EODFN ER[ PDQQHU L H QR LQIRUPDWLRQ LV SURYLGHG DERXW ZKDW H[DFWO\ PDNHV WKHP DUULYH DW WKHLU SUHGLFWLRQV
6LQFH WKLV ODFN RI WUDQVSDUHQF\ FDQ EH D PDMRU GUDZEDFN H J LQ PHGLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI
PHWKRGV IRU YLVXDOL]LQJ H[SODLQLQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV KDV UHFHQWO\ DWWUDFWHG LQFUHDVLQJ
DWWHQWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU VXPPDUL]HV UHFHQW GHYHORSPHQWV LQ WKLV ILHOG DQG PDNHV D SOHD IRU PRUH LQWHUSUHWDELOLW\ LQ
DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH )XUWKHUPRUH LW SUHVHQWV WZR DSSURDFKHV WR H[SODLQLQJ SUHGLFWLRQV RI GHHS OHDUQLQJ
PRGHOV RQH PHWKRG ZKLFK FRPSXWHV WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ RI WKH SUHGLFWLRQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR FKDQJHV LQ WKH LQSXW DQG RQH
DSSURDFK ZKLFK PHDQLQJIXOO\ GHFRPSRVHV WKH GHFLVLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WKH LQSXW YDULDEOHV 7KHVH PHWKRGV DUH
HYDOXDWHG RQ WKUHH FODVVLILFDWLRQ WDVNV

.H\ZRUGV ± $UWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH EODFN ER[ PRGHOV GHHS QHXUDO QHWZRUNV LQWHUSUHWDELOLW\ OD\HU ZLVH UHOHYDQFH
SURSDJDWLRQ VHQVLWLYLW\ DQDO\VLV

1. INTRODUCTION SRNHU > @ 7KHVH LPPHQVH VXFFHVVHV RI $, V\VWHPV
HVSHFLDOO\ GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV VKRZ WKH
7KH ILHOG RI PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DQG DUWLILFLDO UHYROXWLRQDU\ FKDUDFWHU RI WKLV WHFKQRORJ\ ZKLFK
LQWHOOLJHQFH KDV SURJUHVVHG RYHU WKH ODVW IHZ ZLOO KDYH D ODUJH LPSDFW EH\RQG WKH DFDGHPLF ZRUOG
GHFDGHV $ GULYLQJ IRUFH IRU WKLV GHYHORSPHQW ZDV DQG ZLOO DOVR JLYH ULVH WR GLVUXSWLYH FKDQJHV LQ
WKH HDUOLHU LPSURYHPHQWV LQ VXSSRUW YHFWRU LQGXVWULHV DQG VRFLHWLHV
PDFKLQHV DQG PRUH UHFHQW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ GHHS +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK WKHVH PRGHOV UHDFK LPSUHVVLYH
OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGRORJ\ > @ $OVR WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI SUHGLFWLRQ DFFXUDFLHV WKHLU QHVWHG QRQ OLQHDU
ODUJH GDWDEDVHV VXFK DV ,PDJH1HW > @ RU 6SRUWV 0 VWUXFWXUH PDNHV WKHP KLJKO\ QRQ WUDQVSDUHQW L H LW
> @ WKH VSHHG XS JDLQV REWDLQHG ZLWK SRZHUIXO LV QRW FOHDU ZKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH LQSXW GDWD PDNHV
*38 FDUGV DQG WKH KLJK IOH[LELOLW\ RI VRIWZDUH WKHP DFWXDOO\ DUULYH DW WKHLU GHFLVLRQV 7KHUHIRUH
IUDPHZRUNV VXFK DV &DIIH > @ RU 7HQVRU)ORZ > @ WKHVH PRGHOV DUH W\SLFDOO\ UHJDUGHG DV EODFN ER[HV
ZHUH FUXFLDO IDFWRUV LQ WKH VXFFHVV 7RGD\¶V 7KH WK PRYH LQ WKH VHFRQG JDPH RI WKH KLVWRULF
PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ EDVHG $, V\VWHPV H[FHO LQ D *R PDWFK EHWZHHQ /HH 6HGRO D WRS *R SOD\HU DQG
QXPEHU RI FRPSOH[ WDVNV UDQJLQJ IURP WKH GHWHFWLRQ $OSKD*R DQ DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH V\VWHP EXLOW E\
RI REMHFWV LQ LPDJHV > @ DQG WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI 'HHS0LQG GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH QRQ WUDQVSDUHQF\ RI
QDWXUDO ODQJXDJHV > @ WR WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI VSHHFK WKH $, V\VWHP $OSKD*R SOD\HG D PRYH ZKLFK ZDV

VLJQDOV > @ 2Q WRS RI WKLV UHFHQW $, V\VWHPV FDQ WRWDOO\ XQH[SHFWHG DQG ZKLFK ZDV FRPPHQWHG RQ E\
HYHQ RXWSOD\ SURIHVVLRQDO KXPDQ SOD\HUV LQ GLIILFXOW D *R H[SHUW LQ WKH IROORZLQJ ZD\
VWUDWHJLF JDPHV VXFK DV *R > @ DQG 7H[DV KROG¶HP
7KH WHUPV DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DUH XVHG
7KLV ZRUN ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH *HUPDQ 0LQLVWU\ IRU
(GXFDWLRQ DQG 5HVHDUFK DV %HUOLQ %LJ 'DWD &HQWHU %%'& V\QRQ\PRXVO\
6 $ :H WKDQN *UpJRUH 0RQWDYRQ IRU KLV YDOXDEOH
FRPPHQWV RQ WKH SDSHU

‹ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 8QLRQ