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Endnotes
1 The author is grateful for suggestions and comments on earlier drafts by Rudolf van der Berg , Pierre-Jean Benghozi,
Mailyn Fidler, Simon Forge, Ben Hawes, Gilad Rosner, and ITU staff.
2 Gartner, Forecast: The Internet of Things, Worldwide, 2013, at https:// www. gartner. com/ doc/ 2625419/ forecast- internet-
things- worldwide- See also J. Manyika, M. Chui, J. Bughin, R. Dobbs, P. Bisson and A. Marrs. Disruptive technologies:
Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy, McKinsey Global Institute, May 2013, p.51. See also
J. Bradley, J. Loucks, J. Macaulay and A. Noronha, Internet of Everything (IoE) Value Index, Cisco White Paper, February
2013, at http:// www. cisco. com/ web/ about/ ac79/ docs/ innov/ IoE- Value_ Index_ White- Paper. pdf
3 International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunications Standardization Sector, Overview of the Internet of things,
Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060, June 2012, s.I.1.
4 ITU-T Recommendation Y.2060, note 6, s.8.4.

5 GMSA, Understanding 5G: Perspectives on future technological advancements in mobile, December 2014, p.10, at
https:// gsmaintelligence. com/ research/ 2014/ 12/ understanding- 5g/ 451/

6 GMSA, note 8, pp.7-10.
7 Sasu Tarkoma, Evolution of Internet based applications: Internet of Things, 5G and smart devices, Helsinki public lecture,
3 April 2014, at http:// livestream. com/ ITstriimIT/ Hetky- THkerho-- IoT- 5G/ videos/ 46998469

8 ITU-T Recommendation Y.2060, note 6, s.I.1.2.

9 M. Malone. Did Wal-Mart love RFID to death? Smart Planet, 14 February 2012.
10 J. Esmeijer, A van Veenstra, T. Bakker, A. van Nunen, B. Kotterink and M. Ooms. New sources of growth: Knowledge-based
Capital, OECD, 2015.

11 Gartner. Forecast: Mobile Payment, Worldwide, 2013 Update, 4 June 2013.
12 M. Chui, M. Löffler and R. Roberts. The Internet of Things. McKinsey Quarterly, March 2010, pp.1-9, at http:// www.
mckinsey. com/ insights/ high_ tech_ telecoms_ internet/ the_ internet_ of_ things
13 Esmeijer et al., note 13.

14 Business Insider Intelligence Estimates, 22 Dec. 2014, at http:// uk. businessinsider. com/ the- enterprise- internet- of- things-
market- 2014- 12

15 S. Hilton, Imagine an M2M world with 2.1 billion connected things… Analysys Mason, 27 January 2011.
16 Frost & Sullivan, Mega Trends: Smart is the New Green, at http:// www. frost. com/ prod/ servlet/ our- services- page. pag?
mode= open &sid=230169625
17 Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group, Saudi Arabia Invests US$70 Billion in Economic Cities Project, July 2009,
at https:// www. cisco. com/ web/ about/ ac79/ docs/ success/ Saudi_ Arabian_ General_ Investment_ Authority_ SAGIA_
Engagement_ Snapshot. pdf
18 NewsCentral Media, PCCW to connect Modderfontein ‘smart city’, TechCentral, 22 April 2014, at http:// www. techcentral.
co. za/ pccw- to- connect- modderfontein- smart- city/ 47706/
19 Kieron Monks, Wire the desert: The next generation of smart cities, CNN, 18 December 2014, at http:// edition. cnn. com/
2014/ 12/ 18/ business/ smart- cities- next- generation/
nd
20 Robert E. Hall, The Vision of a Smart City, 2 Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris, 28 September 2000, p.2, at
http:// ntl. bts. gov/ lib/ 14000/ 14800/ 14834/ DE2001773961. pdf
21 Manyika, Chui, Bughin, Dobbs, Bisson and Marrs, note 4, p.57.

22 Manyika, Chui, Bughin, Dobbs, Bisson and Marrs, note 4, p.56.
23 S. Mitchell, N. Villa, M. Stewart-Weeks and A. Lange. The Internet of Everything for Cities: Connecting People, Process,
Data, and Things To Improve the ‘Livability’ of Cities and Communities, Cisco Systems, 2013.

24 Navigant Research, The Installed Base of Smart Meters Will Surpass 1 Billion by 2022, 11 November 2013, at http:// www.
navigantresearch. com/ newsroom/ the- installed- base- of- smart- meters- will- surpass- 1- billion- by- 2022

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