Handbook  on  Small Satellites
Foreword
Acknowledgement
chapter 1
1 Introduction
     1.1 Purpose of this Handbook
     1.2 Vocabulary of key terms used in this Handbook
     1.3 Historical perspectives on small satellite
     1.4 Types of small satellites
     1.5 Systems engineering of small satellites
Chapter 2
2 Characteristics of small satellite systems
     2.1 Space segment
     2.2 Ground segment
          2.2.1 Ground systems for high end of small satellites landscape (>100 kg)
     2.3 Orbital types
          2.3.1 Geostationary / Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GSO)
          2.3.2 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
          2.3.3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
          2.3.4 Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO)
          2.3.5 Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO)
          2.3.6 Orbital period and apogee/perigee
          2.3.7 Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
          2.3.8 Other orbits or trajectories
Chapter 3
3 Radio regulatory procedures for small satellite
     3.1 Brief introduction of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
          3.1.1 Brief history
          3.1.2 Key roles of ITU
          3.1.3 ITU legal instruments
          3.1.4 ITU membership
               3.1.4.1 ITU Telecommunication Information Exchange Service
          3.1.5 ITU structure
          3.1.6 ITU-R
     3.2 Frequency allocations
     3.3 General principles for utilization of spectrum and orbit resources
     3.4 Determination of whether a satellite network is subject to coordination
     3.5 Overall ITU regulatory procedures
          3.5.1 Procedures for satellite networks not subject to coordination
               3.5.1.1 Submission of the Advance Publication Information
                    3.5.1.1.1 Submission trend for non-GSO API
               3.5.1.2 Information required for API
                    3.5.1.2.1 SNS notice database and GIMS diagram database
                    3.5.1.2.2 Antenna radiation pattern
               3.5.1.3 Check before submission
               3.5.1.4 Submission to the BR
                    3.5.1.4.1 e-Submission system
                    3.5.1.4.2 e-Communication system
               3.5.1.5 Receivability of the notice
               3.5.1.6 Publication of API/A special section
               3.5.1.7 Commenting procedures and resolution of difficulties
                    3.5.1.7.1 Publication of API/B special section
               3.5.1.8 Modifications to the characteristics of the satellite network
               3.5.1.9 Non-GSO satellites with short-duration missions
                    3.5.1.9.1 Constrains for non-GSO satellites with short-duration missions
                    3.5.1.9.2 Space Operation Service frequency allocations for non-GSO satellites with short-duration missions
                         3.5.1.9.2.1 Use of SOS (s-to-E) in the frequency band 137.025-138 MHz by non-GSO SDM
                         3.5.1.9.2.2 Use of SOS (Earth-to-space) in the frequency band 148-149.9 MHz by non-GSO SDM
                    3.5.1.9.3 ITU filing process for non-GSO satellites with short-duration missions
               3.5.1.10 Specific requirements for amateur-satellite service in the Radio Regulations
                    3.5.1.10.1 Coordination with the International Amateur Radio Union
          3.5.2 Procedures for satellite networks subject to coordination
               3.5.2.1 Submission of coordination request
                    3.5.2.1.1 Submission trends for non-GSO coordination request (CR/C)
               3.5.2.2 Publication of CR/C special section
               3.5.2.3 Identifying coordination requirements
                    3.5.2.3.1 Criteria to effect coordination
                         3.5.2.3.1.1 Frequency overlap criterion
                         3.5.2.3.1.2 pfd criterion
                         3.5.2.3.1.3 Determination of the need for coordination between MSS and RDSS space stations (space-to-Earth) and terrestrial stations
                         3.5.2.3.1.4 epfd coordination threshold
                    3.5.2.3.2 Parameters which affect coordination
               3.5.2.4 Coordination approaches
          3.5.3 Notification for recording in the Master Register
               3.5.3.1 Publication of the Part I-S to the BR IFIC
               3.5.3.2 Publication of the Part II-S to the BR IFIC
               3.5.3.3 Publication of the Part III-S to the BR IFIC
               3.5.3.4 Submission of Notification
                    3.5.3.4.1 Submission trend for non-GSO Notification
          3.5.4 Regulatory examination under RR No. 11.31
               3.5.4.1 Verifying compliance with hard limits (Article 21 pfd limits and e.i.r.p. limits)
                    3.5.4.1.1 Calculation methods applicable to different types of satellite transmitting beam
                    3.5.4.1.2 Satellite beam antenna pattern
                    3.5.4.1.3 Derivation of transmitting power to be used in calculations
                    3.5.4.1.4 Using BR software to evaluate pfd limit
               3.5.4.2 Verifying compliance with RR Article 22 epfd limits
          3.5.5 List of the BR software used for filing space notices to the Bureau
               3.5.5.1 The Radio Regulations Navigation Tool
               3.5.5.2 The RR5 Table of Frequency Allocations (TFA) software
                    3.5.5.2.1 General
                    3.5.5.2.2 Acquiring the software
                    3.5.5.2.3 Package updates
          3.5.6 Cost recovery principles and fees for the processing of satellite network filings
     3.6 Non-conformity with the Table of Frequency Allocations (RR No. 4.4)
     3.7 Bringing into use of notified frequency assignments
          3.7.1 Provisional recording
          3.7.2 Confirmation of DBIU of a provisionally recorded frequency assignment
          3.7.3 Non-GSO in FSS, MSS or BSS
               3.7.3.1 Milestone-based approach for deploying non-GSO systems
          3.7.4 Non-GSO not in FSS, MSS or BSS
          3.7.5 Extension for BIU frequency assignments by the Radio Regulations Board
     3.8 Suspension of a recorded assignment
     3.9 WRC Decisions related to regulatory matters on non-GSO satellites
          3.9.1 New RR Appendix 4 data items for non-GSO satellite systems
               3.9.1.1 “Constellation”
               3.9.1.2 Multiple orbital configurations
               3.9.1.3 Sun-Synchronous Orbit
          3.9.2 Regulatory provisions for Q/V bands
     3.10 Regulatory challenges for small satellites
          3.10.1 Delay in the commencement of regulatory procedure
          3.10.2 Insufficient spectrum to accommodate all operations
          3.10.3 Non-compliant frequency bands
          3.10.4 Potential interference from incomplete coordination
          3.10.5 Lack of adherence to international regulations
          3.10.6 Differing national regulatory frameworks
Chapter 4
4 Type of services and spectrum
     4.1 Space operation service
          4.1.1 Space operation service and its functions
          4.1.2 RR No. 22.1
          4.1.3 Frequency allocations for space operations
          4.1.4 The use of the bands 2 025‑2 110 MHz (Earth-to-space) and 2 200‑2 290 MHz (space-to-Earth) for space operation
     4.2 Amateur-satellite service
     4.3 Earth exploration-satellite service
     4.4 Meteorological-satellite service
     4.5 Space research service
     4.6 Fixed-satellite service / Mobile-satellite service
     4.7 Other services
Chapter 5
5 Types of missions
     5.1 Scientific missions
     5.2 Educational missions
     5.3 Experimental missions
     5.4 Amateur-satellite missions
     5.5 Commercial missions
     5.6 Moon-based, inter-planetary or deep space missions
     5.7 Short-duration missions
Chapter 6
6 Space object registration
Chapter 7
7 Launch considerations
     7.1 Launch services by Arianespace
          7.1.1 Small Spacecraft Mission Service with Vega-C
          7.1.2 Multi-Launch Service with Ariane 6
          7.1.3 Customized dispenser structures
     7.2 Launch services by China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)
     7.3 SpaceX rideshare programme
Chapter 8
8 Space debris mitigation
chapter 9
9 Examples of small satellite networks or systems
     9.1 Scientific missions
          9.1.1 DIWATA-1, for Earth observations
          9.1.2 HORYU-4, for space research
          9.1.3 PETREL, for ultraviolet astronomy and Earth observation
          9.1.4 RISESAT, for scientific experiment
          9.1.5 TeikyoSat satellite series, multi-purpose experiment on orbit
          9.1.6 QUESS, for quantum experiments
          9.1.7 Shijian-10, for scientific experiments
          9.1.8 SMART-1, for research in technology
          9.1.9 DEMETER, for electromagnetic anomalies and ionospheric disturbances study
          9.1.10 SPRINT-A, for imaging spectrometer
     9.2 Educational missions
          9.2.1 The worldʼs first CubeSats XI-IV and XI-V
          9.2.2 KSU_CUBESAT
          9.2.3 QB50 project
     9.3 Experimental missions
          9.3.1 HIBARI, for variable shape attitude control demonstration
          9.3.2 Hodoyoshi-3 and 4, for technology demonstration and Earth observation missions
          9.3.3 Hodoyoshi-1 and Hodoyoshi-3, for demonstration of propulsion system
          9.3.4 NEXUS, for telecommunication
          9.3.5 HIROGARI (OPUSAT-II), 2U CubeSat with deployable mechanisms
          9.3.6 OrigamiSat-1 and succeeding satellites for deployable structure demonstrations
          9.3.7 PRISM with an extensible boom optical system for Earth Observation
          9.3.8 STARS, nano/micro satellite series with tethered deployment mechanism
          9.3.9 MYSAT-1 – Earth Exploration Satellite
     9.4 Amateur-satellite missions
          9.4.1 OSCAR (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio) series
          9.4.2 CubeSats operating in frequency bands allocated to the amateur satellite service
          9.4.3 CAS-5A satellite (Fengtai-OSCAR 118 (FO-118))
          9.4.4 CAS-7B (BP-1B) satellite (BIT Progress-OSCAR 102 (BO-102))
     9.5 Commercial missions – small satellites in GEO
          9.5.1 Astranis small satellites in the GSO
               9.5.1.1 Challenges for small satellite in GSO
                    9.5.1.1.1 Thermal challenges
                    9.5.1.1.2 Radiation challenges
          9.5.2 Jilin-1 satellite constellation
               9.5.2.1 Constellation Introduction
               9.5.2.1 Data service mode
               9.5.2.3 Satellite remote sensing application products
               9.5.2.4 Satellite ground systems
          9.5.3 Starlink non-GSO satellite systems
     9.6 Earth-based, moon-based, inter-planetary or deep space missions
          9.6.1 PROCYON for deep space exploration
     9.7 Practices for short-duration missions
     9.8 Other multiple missions and national cases
          9.8.1 Brazil
ANNEX A
List of Abbreviations
ANNEX B
List of references
     B.1 ITU publications and references
     B.2 External publications and references
          B.2.1 DIWATA publications
          B.2.2 HORYU publications
          B.2.3 PETREL publications
          B.2.4 RISESAT publications
          B.2.5 TeikyoSat publications
          B.2.6 CubeSat publications
          B.2.7 KSU_CUBESAT publications
          B.2.8 QB50 publications
          B.2.9 HIBARI publications
          B.2.10 Hodoyoshi publications
          B.2.11 NEXUS publications
          B.2.12 HIROGARI publications
          B.2.13 OrigamiSat-1 publications
          B.2.14 PRISM publications
          B.2.15 STARS publications
          B.2.16 MYSAT-1 publications
          B.2.17 PROCYON publications