ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 561 all the stages of DRM programs. Table 3 describes some examples of ICT‐based services to support DRM processes in cities. Table 3 – Examples of ICT use for DRM in cities Disaster phases ICT services involved Major tasks DISASTER PREVENTION: Prediction and detection Meteorological services (meteorological aids and meteorological‐satellite service) Earth exploration‐satellite service Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Blogging, web 2.0 & social networking Weather and climate prediction Detection and tracking of hurricanes, typhoons, forest fires, among others Providing warning information EMERGENCY PREPARDNESS & RESPONSE: Alerting Amateur services Broadcasting services terrestrial and satellite (radio, television, etc.) Fixed services terrestrial and satellite Mobile services (land, satellite, maritime services, etc.) Blogging, web 2.0 and social networking Receiving and distributing alert messages Disseminating alert messages and advice to large sections of the public Delivering alert messages and instructions to telecommunication centers for further dissemination to public Distributing alert messages and advice to individuals RECOVERY: Relief Amateur services Broadcasting services terrestrial and satellite (radio, television, etc.) Earth exploration‐satellite services Fixed services terrestrial and satellite Mobile services (land, satellite, maritime services, etc.) Blogging, web 2.0 and social networking Assisting in organizing relief operations in areas (especially when other services are still not operational) Coordination of relief activities by disseminating information from relief planning teams to population Assessment of damage and providing information for planning relief activities Exchange of information between different teams/groups for planning and coordination relief activities Exchange of information between individuals and/or groups of people involved in relief activities Source: Adapted from ITU‐R (2013) and LIRNEasia (2008) ICT tools enable information dissemination and analysis. They help to manage, analyze and disseminate geographic information that can be used for contingency planning, disaster assessment and post‐disaster response (Box 4). ICTs also support climate modeling research, and provide new opportunities for policy makers and urban planners to understand cities and to project future scenarios.