554 ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications Figure 2 – Risk Heat Map of the potential climate change impacts Table 1 – Examples of direct and indirect impacts of climate change in cities Projected climate change impacts Likelihood Direct impacts Indirect impacts Geographical location affected (1) Warmer with fewer cold days and nights, more hot days and nights Virtually certain Exacerbation of urban heat island effect increases risk of related mortality. Declining air quality. Inland cities and cities reliant on snowpack for water supply. (2) Hot spells/heat waves increased frequency Very likely Increased demand for cooling, and reduced energy demand for heating. Greater stress on water resources included those that rely on snowmelt from increased water demand and declining water quality. Energy transmission and distribution maybe overstressed Wider geographical incidence of vector bone diseases ( for example malaria) Less disruption to transport from snow and ice. Inland cities and cities reliant on snowpack for water supply. (3) Heavy precipitation events increased frequency Very likely Flooding, strong winds and landslides. Disruption of public water supply. Withdrawal of risk coverage in vulnerable areas by private insures. Coastal and port cities, those on riverbanks or marginal land in floodplains, mountains regions.