522 ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications Source: Brisbane City Council (2014).33 Figure 11 – Example of web‐based technologies and city flooding: The Brisbane City web‐based flood map Web‐based servers offer access to integrated information from heterogeneous data sources, as well as innovative tools for the analysis and assessment of issues such as climate change, water scarcity, human health, sanitation and urbanization, all key factors to consider as part of urban water management. The integration of such web‐based communication tools using open communication standards allows a range of stakeholders to connect to the system, and use available resources. At the same time, communication and information systems can enable both the general public and administrators to access relevant information, fostering transparency and visibility of current water related activities by the specialized users (e.g. water managers, municipalities, governments), facilitating trust‐building and public/stakeholder involvement. An intuitive and user‐friendly interface fosters data accessibility and dissemination, especially for the public. Web‐based communication and information system tools are used by governments and municipalities to deliver relevant water information to the public, as well as to provide early warnings (e.g. flood alerts). They also allow urban water managers to access relevant information such as rainfall data, storage and distribution, among others, thus helping to inform decision‐making processes at multiple levels. Data and systems security is a key point that has to be carefully addressed prior to any implementation of web‐based technologies for Cities and Utilities, and in compliance with existing corporate standards and policies. Another example of a related ICT tool for water infrastructure management is provided in Box 1.