ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 499 Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 503 2 Scope ...................................................................................................................... 505 3 Urban water issues ................................................................................................. 506 3.1 Rapid urbanization ......................................................................................... 507 3.2 Leadership and governance ........................................................................... 508 3.3 Investment ...................................................................................................... 508 3.4 Water utilities and infrastructure ................................................................... 509 3.5 Water availability and quality ......................................................................... 510 3.6 Climate change ............................................................................................... 511 4 Smart water management in cities ......................................................................... 513 4.1 SWM technologies .......................................................................................... 515 5 SWM integration: Strengthening urban water management .................................. 524 5.1 Intelligent solutions in urban water management ......................................... 524 5.2 Remote monitoring solutions to urban wastewater management ............... 527 5.3 Technologies for urban flood management ................................................... 528 6 Action steps: SWM implementation ....................................................................... 530 7 SWM opportunities ................................................................................................ 531 8 Gaps to be addressed ............................................................................................. 533 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 535 List of Figures Page Figure 1 – Interconnectedness of water and cities .................................................................. 503 Figure 2 – Influencing factors on urban water management challenges ................................ 506 Figure 3 – Projected megacities, 2015 ..................................................................................... 507 Figure 4 – Projecting water stress ............................................................................................ 511 Figure 5 – Climate change effects on urban water resources ................................................. 512 Figure 6 – Advantages of smart water management .............................................................. 514 Figure 7 – Schematic representation of smart water management technologies and tools .. 515 Figure 8 – Current implementation of smart water management technologies and tools .... 515 Figure 9 – Smart meter technologies ....................................................................................... 518 Figure 10 – Example of SCADA software, Western Municipal Water District (WMWD), California ....................................................................................................................... 520