470 ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications guests may be at a premium. From the hotel perspective its ability to adapt to the current occupancy rate is much aided by the use of IBT. The ability to \"shut down a room\" or to \"open up a room\" in response to an arriving guest or a departing guest can provide a significant impact on the bottom line. With accurate and complete information planning is easily achieved to only clean rooms which have been used, to only heat and to only light rooms which are occupied. Individual staff members can be readily monitored as part of the overall building effectiveness. Many hotels already provide suitable \"intelligent\" links between the television and the hotel's billing system. It is now regular practice for there to be a keyboard in each room and for one of the channels to provide a screen and communication so that guests can check out, settle accounts and order special services as they may wish. In summary, the hotel is fertile ground for increasing the benefits of automation through an integration of its operational systems, thereby yielding an intelligent building. 3.5 Hospital A hospital is very sophisticated in some of the \"intelligent\" applications which are already widely used. Those functions are however largely related to the delivery of medical services. For example, many hospitals have developed or acquired special software used to track patients who arrive in the emergency room and require significant testing and processing within the emergency room, often before they are then discharged without having entered the hospital's system. Patients are booked in clinics, laboratory requisitions are filed, hospital cards are provided, and psychiatric wards are managed. The intelligent building aspect however is left far behind because there is very little scheduling that can be accomplished in a manner which will yield significant benefits to the hospital's bottom line. HVAC is required 24 hours per day and lighting can only be \"reduced\" during \"sleeping hours\". The requirements of maintaining a hospital as \"a publicly accessible facility\" and to \"provide effective security\" is without question a contradiction. In many hospitals entrances are now being locked except for the emergency room which are still open 24 hours daily even when some of the other locations conform to a consistent need at all times. The requirements to ensure that standby generators are always ready to provide their services, that patient records are always available to the physicians providing treatment are two very different needs and there is little room to provide integration of these two requirements. The legal requirements to ensure confidentiality of all patient information is a good reason to consider segregating the networks used for building control and for providing medical services. 3.6 Factory Factories are usually custom built in order to manufacture a car, a computer or another manufactured product. As such the processes necessary for the manufacturing are quite secondary to the control and management of the building. For this reason the intelligent building aspect addresses only the maintenance of the building(s) to ensure that the environment provided by the building is appropriate for the machines and processes carrying on the manufacturing of defined products. In other respects maintaining, managing and informing on the operation of the building itself is no different than the functionalities called for in a multi‐unit residential or commercial environment. 3.7 Intelligent buildings and new business opportunities The \"intelligent building\" concept goes far beyond supporting sustainability goals, saving energy, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. The concept also represents processes as well as services, profits, job creation and capacities enhancement in the ICT and building industries. The concept