ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 297 Optimization tools aim to finding the technical, environmental and financial best solution from models, therefore \"optimization tools and principles have made it possible to develop prescriptive models for optimal management of large scale water resources systems, incorporating ubiquitous uncertainties in the prediction of natural processes and the economic impacts\" (Datta and Harikrishna). By incorporating optimization tools, decision making in the planning, design and operation water resources systems can be achieved in an efficient and effective manner. Models, optimization tools and decision support for network management urban water and wastewater are able to calculate and forecast consumption, reduce costs through the optimization of operations, plan and evaluate strategies and conduct vulnerability studies. Web‐based Communication and Information System tools Information and knowledge management are increasingly recognized as important features in effective and efficient work in the water sector (Dondeynaz et al. 2009). The main problem is that more data within in the water sector are large, complex, unstructured and fragmented. However Web‐based interfaces and online platforms provides a solution for proper management, display, and retrieval of relevant information necessary for water managers/operators, urban planners, governments and the public alike. Figure 55 – The Brisbane City Web based Flood Map Source: http://www.sweetmaps.com/blog/wp‐content/uploads/2011/01/BCC_ esri_ flood_ map.jpg Web‐based servers offer access to integrated information from heterogeneous data sources, as well as the innovative tools for analysis and assessment of a broad area such as climate change, water scarcity, human health, sanitation and urbanization necessary for proper urban water management. Integration of such web based communication tools using open communication standards allow a range of stakeholders to connect to the system, to use or add to its resources. Information and Communication systems which are composed of two parts can enable both the general public and administrators to access relevant information; allowing for transparency and visibility of current water related activities by the specialized users (such as water managers, municipalities, governments), building trust and better public/stakeholder involvement. An intuitive and user friendly interface, means that there can be ease of data acquisition and dissemination especially for the public.