ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 29 Table 4 – Examples of city infrastructure applications Infrastructure Example components Real estate and buildings Synergies between energy efficiency, comfort and safety and security Building as a network: Integration of multiple technologies (HVAC, lighting, plug loads, fire, safety, mobility, renewable, storage, materials, IAQ, etc.) Software: Efficiency, automation and control, analytics and big data management Industrial and manufacturing Data interoperability Sustainable production and zero emissions Networked sensors and cloud computing Factories of the future Energy and utilities Smart grid and smart metering: Generation/distribution/measurement Wireless communications Analytics and policies Load balancing, decentralization and co‐generation Air, water and waste management Water information systems (WIS) Integrated water, waste and energy savings optimization schema Sensor networks for water and air systems Safety and security Video surveillance and video analytics Seamless communication during natural and man‐made disasters Health care Smart hospitals Real‐time health care including analytics Home and remote health care including monitoring Electronic records management Education Flexible learning in an interactive learning environment Accessing world class digital content online using collaborative technologies Massive open online course (MOOC) Mobility and transportation Intelligent transportation technologies in the age of smart cities Traffic management: Monitoring and routing Real‐time linkage to emissions, traffic patterns, reduced fuel consumption 3.3 ICT infrastructure There are a number of additional studies48, 49, 50, 51 that suggest the existence of a series of key dimensions and attributes for cities that are striving for \"smartness\" and sustainability. Throughout these dimensions, there is a recognition of the essential aspects of an overarching ICT infrastructure that enables all these “smart” attributes to become realized. ____________________ 48 Giffinger R. et al. (2007). Smart cities, ranking of European medium‐sized cities, Final report from Centre of Regional Science, Vienna UT, October 2007. 49 http://www.smart‐cities.eu/ 50 Pan J.‐G., Lin Y.‐F., Chuang S.‐Y., Kao Y.‐C. (2011). From governance to service‐smart city evaluations in Taiwan, Proceedings from the 2011 International Joint Conference on Service Sciences, pp. 334‐337. 51 http://www.fastcoexist.com/1680538/what‐exactly‐is‐a‐smart‐city