Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2010-11 20 Michael Minges, Crafting a Broadband Strategy for Developing Countries an Evidence-Based, Case Study Approach, Telecom-munications Management Group, Inc. Presentation at the World Bank Broadband Strategy Toolkit: Information Session, 1 Sep-tember 2010, Washington D.C. at https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0BwCAk39OtgfRM2Q0OGViZGQtMjRkMC00YTQzLTk4MGItYzRmYjYwZWJlMzgx&hl=en&a uthkey=CKG61YIO. 21 infoDev/ITU, ICT Regulation Toolkit, Backbone Network Enhancements at www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.3188.html. 22 Mark Williams, Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks, GICT, World Bank, August 2008, p. 8 at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources/Broadband_for_ Africa-backbone_policy.pdf. 23 Mark Williams, Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks, GICT, World Bank, August 2008, p. 8. 24 Mark Williams, Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks, GICT, World Bank, August 2008, p. 15. 25 FCC, National Broadband Plan, Appendix C, Glossary at www.broadband.gov/plan/appendices.html#s18-3. 26 ICASA, Infraco ECNS Licence, October 2009 at www.infraco.co.za/Legal/ECNS%20License.pdf. 27 Mark Williams, Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks, GICT, World Bank, August 2008, p. 44. 28 TeleGeography Global Bandwidth Research Service, 2010. 29 See IDA, International Sharing: International Gateway Liberalization. Singapore’s Experience, ITU, 2008. 30 See TRAI, International Telecommunication Access to Essential Facilities at Cable Landing Stations Regulations, 7 June 2007. 31 CRC, Resolution No. 2065, 27 February 2009. 32 This member is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) that is itself owned by a group of the smaller operators from the region. See Mark Williams, Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks, GICT, World Bank, August 2008, p. 42. 33 See www.seacom.mu/network/open_access.html. 34 Abiodun Jagun, The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The SAT-3/WASC cable– A briefing, Asso-ciation for Progressive Communications (APC) at www.apc.org/en/system/files/APC_SAT3Briefing_20080515.pdf. 35 See KDN, SEACOM is here, at www.kdn.co.ke/contentview.php?id=38. 36 For small island developing states (SIDS), obtaining submarine cable connectivity has been a mixture of geography, history and luck. Investment in a submarine cable depends on traffic which is itself a function of the number of people and the intensity of use. SIDS have very small populations and modest levels of teledensity and Internet usage making it challenging to obtain sub-marine cable connectivity. See, Ewan Sutherland, “Telecommunications in Small Island Developing States”, 37th Research Con-ference On Communication, Information And Internet Policy September 25-27, 2009, George Mason University School of Law, p. 8. 37 Sources: Adapted from ERG, Report on Transition from sector-specific regulation to competition law, October 2009; ICP-ANACOM, Mercados de fornecimento grossista de acesso (físico) à Infra-estrutura de rede num local fixo e de fornecimento Grossista de acesso em banda larga, January 2009. 38 ERG, Report on Transition from sector-specific regulation to competition law, ERG (09) 40, October 2009, at 24. 39 Michael Adam and Simon Alder, Abuse of Dominance and its Effects on Economic Development, in UNCTAD, The effects of anti-competitive business practices on developing countries and their development prospects, 2008, p. 587. Chapter 3 115