Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2010-11 provisions regarding privacy of data transmitted via such services. In expanding or improving access to health and medical services and information, ICT regu-lators Within a national framework, school connectivity plans are best coordinated with policies, plans, strate-gies and programs for universal service, as well as may include incentives to ensure that recipients broadband and digital and Information Society agendas. In addition, there must be a close coordination be-tween use subsidies or other assistance effectively and effi-ciently and for the benefit of patients or the medical the ministry responsible for education, the min-istry responsible for ICTs, and the ICT regulator, to sector as a whole. ensure that universal service funds and obligations are formulated within a plan for school connectivity that concretely describes the roles of all parties. Further-more, 3.5.3.5 Cooperation between ICT and banking regulators: m-Banking the private sector and non-governmental organi-zations (NGOs) can play key roles in advancing school ICT and financial sector regulators have distinct connectivity, and they should be invited to participate in the development of school connectivity plans. roles to play in enabling the development of m-Banking services, and coordination between them is critical. Al-though financial services are outside the purview of 3.5.3.4 Cooperation between ICT regulators and telecommunications regulations, ICT regulatory author-ities healthcare authorities can encourage the development of the m-Banking market by working with their respective governments and forging new relationships with the financial servic-es There are many areas in the medical field in which authorities in order to develop a framework that is ICTs are improving health outcomes. These include sig-nificantly appropriate for m-Banking services.143 enhancing the collection, presentation and exchange of health care information, as well as by giv-ing health care workers and patients tools to transform In particular, ICT regulators should adopt policies to care. E-health initiatives include electronic records; long distance consultations via video conference; and mo-bile facilitate private investment and entry into the mobile telephony market. Development and expansion of mo-bile patient monitoring. As the number of e-health ap-plications services leading to increased penetration are a pre-condition grows, ICT regulators and health care to providing a base for successful m-Banking authorities will gain more opportunities to collaborate on new projects. In the U.S. National Broadband Plan, for example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) dedicated a chapter to e-health care. Included in the recommendations was a suggestion by the FCC to collaborate with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the agency that regulates medical devices, in or-der services. Similarly, ICT regulators should enact and en-force rules – directly or in cooperation with competition authorities – to ensure competitive mobile markets. There is a risk that first mover advantages and specific marketing conditions of m-Banking services (e.g., lack of interconnectivity of m-Banking services144 or diffe-rentiated fees between on-network and off-network to “clarify regulatory requirements and the approv-al process for converged communications and health care devices.”142 transactions) may allow dominant mobile providers to further entrench their market positions. This outcome may not only restrict competition in the m-Banking market, but may also distort overall competitive condi-tions for mobile telephony services. For example, in The successful use of ICTs for medical applications August 2010, the Communications Commission of Kenya (CCK) raised a concern regarding the competitive effects of certain conditions associated with Safaricom’s successful M-Pesa service.145 It found that mobile mon-ey requires coordination between multiple agencies and ministries, potentially including not only telecommuni-cations, but health, science, education and finance. ICT regulators need to work closely with partner agencies to develop mechanisms to enable the healthcare sector, including not only doctors and hospitals, but supporting institutions, schools, and research facilities, to effective-ly leverage the benefits of broadband connectivity. Key mechanisms and activities may include: subsidies or other financial support for communications networks to link key institutions; setting or identifying standards to enable interconnection between various stakehold-ers; transfer services have a significant impact on the competitive landscape in the telecommunications mar-ket in Kenya as they allowed the strengthening and sus-taining of a “club effect” since higher rates are charged to non-registered users versus registered users. Al-though the CCK did not regulate rates charged for mo-bile money transfers ex ante, it determined that it would support any operators’ request to enter into an investigation of the interconnectivity options for mobile developing or updating service rules governing electronic services used to share medical data; and 112 Chapter 3