Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2010-11 and through high-efficiency cooling systems and digital displays.65 For example, the European Commission passed di-rectives in 2003 that impose stricter rules on Member States, as well as set targets for consumer participation in recycling programs. Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (“WEEE Directive”) developed rules to reduce e-waste and to promote the reuse, recycling and recovery of e-wastes. In Sweden, e-waste laws are largely credited with making the coun-try Policymakers are also adopting other comprehen-sive “green ICT” plans to increase green ICT skills and to develop public awareness about the role ICTs play with respect to climate change. In Egypt, for example, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technol-ogy one of the global leaders in e-waste recycling.62 (MCIT) adopted the Green Information and Com-munication Technology (ICT) Strategy in August 2010. Sweden has placed the responsibility for the collection and disposal of e-waste on the producers of electronic devices, known as “Extended Producer Responsibility” (EPR). Sweden implemented a national e-waste regis-tery The program involves several initiatives, including: forming a private/public sector task force that will con-duct ICT-related education workshops and seminars, holding training programs to build green ICT skills in Egypt’s workforce, and raising awareness of the roles that ICTs can play in reducing GHG emissions from all sectors of the economy and preserving natural re-sources. in 2007, and requires all electronic device manu-facturers to register, to report the quantities of products sold as well as to report the percentage of de-vices that have been collected and treated. 66 Rather than implementing these initiatives alone, the MCIT has partnered with the Ministry of En-vironmental In April 2010, the Indian government drafted the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, which would incorporate EPR as a basic principle (similar to Sweden), placing the burden on the producer to track the life cycle of devices.63 Additionally, India’s E-Waste Rules would ban the import of used electronic devices for charity, a measure similar to the Ban Amendment of the Basel Convention. Affairs through a Memorandum of Under-standing. 67 As addressed in Section 3.5.3, ICT regulators and environmental agencies around the world are in-creasingly working together to accomplish their goals more effectively. 3.4.1.4 International efforts to promote ICTs and environmental initiatives 3.4.1.3 Domestic ICT and environmental policies: Towards green ICTs Cooperation among countries, including conduct-ing multi-country studies, implementing regional initia-tives and capacity building, is important to capturing Governments around the world have begun adopt-ing various initiatives to address the environmental is-sues highlighted above, including programs to increase the greatest benefits from green ICT initiatives due to the cross-border effects of climate change and other environmental issues. For example, a recent study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-velopment environmental research and development (R&D), pro-mote “green ICT” innovations and develop (OECD) analyzed 92 green ICT programs e-environment skills through consumer and business education. Government-sponsored programs to in-crease sponsored by governments and industry in 22 OECD countries plus the European Commission. The report confirmed that both the public and private sectors have adopted a range of ICT and e-environment policies ad-dressing R&D activities are among the most common in-itiatives, particularly for creating energy efficient ICTs. Japan, for example, established the Green IT Project to encourage collaboration between industry and acade-mia research and development (R&D), innovation, in order to develop energy efficient ICTs.64 With an green ICT initiatives and education on ICTs and the en-vironment. 68 The OECD countries passed a recommen-dation annual budget of JPY 3 billion (USD 32 million), the in-itiative has focused on reducing energy consumption by in April 2010 calling for member countries to over 30 per cent in several areas, including in network components such as routers and data storage centres establish or review their policies for ICTs and the envi-ronment. 69 Details of the OECD Recommendation are highlighted in Box 3.6. 98 Chapter 3