Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2010-11 pervasiveness of ICTs, particularly the Internet, in mul-tiple address the specific reasons for non-adoption of ICTs within this environment. Section 3.3 highlights recent trends in the ICT sector, particularly regarding the shifts towards ex post, competition-based regulatory policies and targeted ex ante regulations. Section 3.4 examines the need for greater cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination among governments in order to achieve large-scale objectives, including promoting global e-environment sectors of the economy requires that regulation be considered in a broader context. Issues such as the en-vironment, data privacy and security, copyright protec-tion, healthcare and education are all integrated within the broadband ecosystem. As shown in Figure 3.1, this ecosystem involves the multiple, interconnected layers of networks, services, applications and users.1 In order to expand the broadband ecosystem, policymakers must continue their traditional focus on the supply of competitive access networks (i.e., wireline and wireless broadband networks), as such networks continue to be the critical pipeline linking the other elements within the ecosystem. However, policymakers must also focus on facilitating the supply of, and promoting the demand for, broadband applications and services. Connectivity to broadband networks will increase demand for ser-vices policies and addressing transnational cy-ber security concerns. Section 3.4 notes how regulators, in expanding the notion of UAS policies beyond basic telecommunications services, are implementing provi-sions to promote both access to and adoption of broadband and ICTs in order to improve outcomes in every area of society, including education, healthcare and civic participation. Section 3.5 addresses how ICT regulators are coordinating with regulatory authorities responsible for other sectors, such as banking, the envi-ronment and applications such as Internet Protocol televi-sion (IPTV) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and health, to ensure that the benefits of ICTs reach all members of society. 3.2 Promoting Broadband cloud computing and online video streaming. Govern-ments must complement and build upon this demand by adopting policies that promote competition and in-novation, Deployment and Use as well as developing initiatives that encour-age the public’s engagement in ICTs, including 3.2.1 The Broadband Ecosystem e-government and e-health initiatives. In the digital economy, the provision of access to networks and services remains a critical issue. But the Figure 3.1: The Broadband Ecosystem High-speed networks Investments and demand Availability Users Services Affordability, Access Applications relevance Source: Strategies and Policies for the Developing World, GICT, World Bank 86 Chapter 3