presentations%20-%20GSR14/Session%202%20GSR14%20-%20Discussion%20paper%20-%20Competition.pd (Accessed on May 20, 2015).22 Safaricom ordered to open M-Pesa platform. Available at: http://www.kbc.co.ke/safaricom-ordered-to-open-m-pesa-platform/ (Accessed on June 1, 2015).23 Ibid.24 Ibid.25 M-Powering Development Initiative Report 2015 at page 14. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Initiatives/m-Powering/Documents/m-PoweringDevelopmentInitiative_ Report2015.pdf (Accessed on May 28, 2015).26 M-Powering Development Initiative Report 2015 at page xi. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Initiatives/m-Powering/Documents/m-PoweringDevelopmentInitiative_ Report2015.pdf (Accessed on May 28, 2015).27 See example of The National Broadband Strategy for Kenya. Available at : http://ca.go.ke/images//downloads/PUBLICATIONS/NATIONAL%20BROADBAND%20STRATEGY/National%20Broadband%20Strategy.pdf (Accessed on May 18, 2015).28 This framework should not be limited to the creation of a Universal Service Fund and should be open to other mechanisms such as internal cross-subsidies, public-private partnerships (PPPs), pay or play mechanisms, General Government Budget Contributions/Grants, Interconnection Surcharges, a municipal network alternative, and other funding approaches.29 http://www.broadbandcommission.org/Documents/Broadband_ Targets.pdf (Accessed on May 20, 2015).30 M-Powering Development Initiative Report 2015 at page 5. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Initiatives/m-Powering/Documents/m-PoweringDevelopmentInitiative_ Report2015.pdf (Accessed on May 28, 2015).31 See key elements to consider in development of an effective framework to address universality in GSR 2009 Background Paper, Trends in Universal Access and Service Policies by Sofie Maddens. Available at : http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/docs/Document/3829 (Accessed on May 20, 2015).32 The Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program, “Spectrum as a Resource for Enabling Innovation Policy” Feb, 2013 at viii Foreword.33 GSMA, Mobile Policy Handbook, October 2014 at page 9.34 Ibid. at v Foreword.35 See sample proposals from The Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program, “Spectrum as a Resource for Enabling Innovation Policy” Feb, 2013 (Available at: http://csreports.aspeninstitute.org/documents/Spectrum-Resource-Enabling-Innovation-Policy.pdf ) (Accessed on May 4, 2015).36 Ibid.37 One such proposal from the United States President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)—published in mid-2012— PCAST recommendations was the adjustment of policy initiatives including maintaining the clearance and auctioning approach, to enable a “staircase” access to spectrum. This would allow start-ups with limited resources to initially test their ideas using an experimental license. They can then transition to early commercial service using free unlicensed access, perhaps in TV white space. Next, as business grows, they can move to shared licensed access to federal spectrum for a moderate fee. Finally, as the full potential of the business becomes clear, they can acquire spectrum at auction in a conventional manner. The range of proposals is available at: President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, “Realizing the full potential of government-held spectrum to spur economic growth,” July 2012. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast_ spectrum_ report_ final_ july_ 20_ 2012.pdf. (Accessed on May 16, 2015).38 GSR 14 Discussion Paper: New frontiers in spectrum licensing, Alden et al. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Conferences/GSR/Documents/GSR2014/Discussion%20papers%20and%20presentations%20-%20GSR14/Session4_ GSR14-DiscussionPaper-SpectrumLicensing.pdf (Accessed on May 29, 2015). 39 Microsoft Research: Pilots & Demonstrations. Available at: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/spectrum/pilots.aspx (Accessed on June 1, 2015)Trends in Telecommunicaiton Reform 2016 147