challenge due to a patchwork of geographically bound privacy regulations. 5.3.9 Regulating in a multi-sectoral environment It is clear that ICT sector regulators cannot claim exclusive and total scrutiny and authority in an environment that is fast converging and integrating to create a new landscape. The reality is that multiple agencies will need to address mutual and overlapping issues. They all will have to offer their expertise and give greater visibility and commitment to digital inclusion. The telecommunication sector regulator will need to reach out to other regulators in collaboration and partnership -- this is the new normal. 5.3.9.1 The emergence of stakeholder diversity The m-service and app ecosystem works on different business models and is capable of attracting any number of users. So, regulators should be careful to identify all the stakeholders involved in any issue, on a case-by-case basis. The cross-sectoral effect of many of these issues will bring in a broad array of stakeholders and “influencers,” ranging from midwives and teachers in rural areas (for m-health and m-education services and apps) to hardware and software developers or city residents (for m-transport and smart metering services and apps). The content and context of each m-service and app will attract a unique range of stakeholders as broad as the capability of the service or app. All of these stakeholders will want to influence regulatory outcomes. Stakeholder engagement assumes a new prominence in a cross-sectoral environment. The ICT regulators need to create awareness in order to spark interest in commercial deployment of m-services and apps. More than ever before, regulators must consult within a multi-stakeholder framework and seek feedback, communicate effectively and recognize the aspirations of stakeholders in order to foster the spread of m-services and apps. Box 5.5 illustrates how a broad range of stakeholders can be involved in developing and using an m-health service.Emerging trends point toward more cross-sector collaboration and partnership in order to handle the multiple issues to be reconciled. It is also clear that for the digital ecosystem to thrive, all key stakeholders must pull together in order to reap the benefits in a fast-evolving sector. The continuous identification, mapping and engagement of stakeholders become important because of the characteristically short time frames within which to make gains and the cross-sectoral scanning for stakeholders.Due to the disruptive nature of the digital economy, ICT sector regulators often will be presented with issues that, while pertinent, are not in their area of expertise. The development of m-banking, m-agriculture, m-health etc. means that the intimate interface between the ICT sector and another, specialized sector can lead to dual jurisdiction on some issues.5.3.9.2 Collaboration across sectors Regulators have adopted many approaches to handle issues of shared jurisdiction. Often, these scenarios arise from innovative initiatives and so may not have been anticipated or formally authorized. For example, there was no formal platform for collaboration between the CBK and the CCK during the M-Pesa deliberations in Kenya. The absence of a formal arrangement should not deter best efforts to collaborate, particularly when the parties recognize an idea whose time has come. Steps can be taken later to formalize the collaboration.In order to collaborate with a third party, regulators must be clear about the powers they have under the law, in order to determine the limits of that collaboration. All parties should be clear about their mutual strengths, which are determined by their legal mandates, so they can be sure what their roles will be in conducting their collaboration. ICT regulators already have pursued collaborations with competition authorities and financial regulators, and a lot more work with other sectors is likely as m-services and apps continue to permeate all areas of life.Going forward, regulators should commit proactively to seeking out opportunities to work with each other. Collaboration is not driven merely by the need to facilitate an innovative idea, but more structurally, to identify gaps or barriers to innovation and bridge them to benefit the whole digital ecosystem. The following sub-sections 138 Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016