– whether public or private-sector – data from disparate systems can still be integrated at data hubs, including cloud services54. Companies are building system frameworks to connect together disparate applications and networks via these cloud services. One example is shown in Figure 3.5:Much of the value of IoT systems will come from integrating separate, proprietary silos, especially for large organizations with a broad range of partners. This will unfold in the same way that sharing technologies for personal computers (for example, operating systems and processors) enabled much greater levels of distributed innovation and consumer choice in the 1980s. Improved data-sharing also will allow the development of specialized data analysis providers that can increase the value of that data55. This does, however, depend on consumer trust in the security and privacy protection of the data (discussed further below).3.4.3 Standards To date, IoT technical standards have evolved from a variety of different applications and stakeholders with different aims and requirements56. A universal, uniform network of “things” is unlikely to develop in the medium term. Smart meters are unlikely to communicate directly with heart-rate monitors, or recipe planners. Some networks will use public infrastructure, while others will be entirely private. Some applications will have high bandwidth and interactivity requirements (such as video surveillance), while others may focus on transferring short bursts of information (such as smart meters). But with effective standards, these networks can be bridged. Greater technical standardization can both reduce the barriers to entering IoT markets and increase economies of scale, helping suppliers to compete internationally. Without this, national markets may face the issues identified in a Korean government review, which reported that large businesses are developing IoT platforms but lack leadership in the global market. This, in turn, makes it difficult for local SMEs to enter the market and leaves them dependent on global suppliers57. Because of the strategic dimensions of IoT deployment for economic and industrial activities, states may have an incentive to seek more cooperation at the national and regional levels58.However, the diversity of IoT systems and users means that there is a limited constituency actively pushing for standardization59. Many of these users – for example, in the healthcare sector – do not have much experience working in communications standards bodies. Standards need to be carefully Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 81 Chapter 3 Figure 3.5: Intel's Intelligent Systems Framework Source: Intel Corporation, Simplifying the Internet of Things: Intel ® Intelligent Systems Framework, 2012.