clubs, whose members can book and use vehicles parked around their neighbourhood almost on-demand. Or, the IoT can lead to “pay-as-you-drive” insurance based on precise driving patterns, behaviours, and risk factors. The simplest IoT technology – passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging – is already widespread in retail, transit ticketing and access control. Near-Field Communication (NFC) is now included in newer smart phones, enabling applications such as contactless payments (examples include Visa’s payWave and Mastercard’s PayPass standards). Specialized sensors and processors in smart phones, watches, bracelets and even clothing can collect, process and share data about individuals and their environments. RFID and NFC only work at close range. M2M systems, however, can send information over cellular networks. Examples include electricity metre readings sent to energy companies and car airbag deployment notifications sent to emergency services. Literally hundreds of millions of M2M systems are being deployed around the world, as shown in Figure 3.3. Many M2M devices use standard mobile Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs) for identification and authentication. Unlike mobile phones, though, these devices often are located in diverse, unsupervised locations, where they are subject to wind, rain, large temperature changes, and vibration. To protect the SIMs -- and also to prevent theft – they often are attached permanently and securely to the M2M devices6.M2M communications are often periodic and uplink-intensive (especially if video is being streamed from cameras, sometimes in high definition). By contrast, many core and access communication networks currently are configured to support the downlink-heavy communications typical of Internet use7.In the ITU-T model, communication network providers are responsible for:• access and integration of resources provided by other providers;70 Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things, in a nutshell The Internet of Things What Is It? “A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication” (ITU-T)Who Makes It?Device manufacturers, network operators, application platforms, software developers and (cloud-based) data analytics services providers How Is It Accessed?Connection of IoT devices via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile phone networks, specialized radio networks, global Internet Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell