Time dotCom (Global Transit), Viettel, and Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT). The total investment from the 12 members of the consortium was USD 450 million (Facebook’s investment amount has not been disclosed).The APG cable is expected to be completed in 201692. The intervention of regulators is unlikely, but consortium members likely will have equal access to broadband capacity.1.5.4 Not-for-profit investors In this context, the term not-for-profit investors refers to socially responsible entities (for example, a cooperative) that invest in the construction and operation of broadband networks that are – for the most part – separate from the networks of commercial service providers.Commercial operators are more likely to require greater returns on their investment. By contrast, a not-for-profit investor is more likely to invest its profits (clearly depending on the agreement of the legal entity) back into the construction and operation of the broadband network. For this reason, not-for-profit broadband investments can be more commercially feasible in areas where the returns are too low (or too slow) for commercial operators.Community broadband networks, for example, tend to be \"self-build\" projects located in remote geographical areas, where there is typically a lower commercial incentive for operators to roll out their networks. Project funding can be mortgaged to make it more affordable. Another alternative is to use crowdfunding (discussed in more detail in Section 6) to raise funds. This approach is more common in markets with high disposable incomes. According to a report published by the Plunkett Foundation,93 the cost of rolling out fibre can be GBP 2 000 (USD 3 138) per property, using overhead cables, and higher if it requires digging trenches. Self-build community broadband networks normally are based on FTTH technology. Communities can build these networks at a much lower cost than commercial operators can, as they do not charge commercial rates for undertaking the work or may offer to do it free of charge. Depending on the size of the community, a self-build network can be small in scale, and it may need to overcome a couple of challenges:• it may be run by volunteers, creating an unsustainable situation in the long term; or • it may not be vertically integrated and therefore may not be able to offer consumers the choice of services that larger commercial operators may be able to offer. Some governments have supported these community initiatives. The Scottish government’s Community Broadband Scotland (CBS) scheme, for example, provides financial support to communities for this purpose94. So far, the CBS has invested in at least nine projects in rural Scottish communities. Eligible communities can receive 28 Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 Box 1.12: Key lessons: Facebook/Asia–Pacific Gateway (APG)• Facebook’s investment was the key enabler from a financing perspective. Notably, a number of high-profile global operators (and co-investors) will use the undersea cable and, as a result, are likely to direct international traffic onto it, contributing to its growth.• The APG will use an open-access model to ensure all end users are able to utilize the asset without discrimination. This will be difficult to regulate, due to the multiple jurisdictions that the cable will run through. Success of the “self-regulated” system will depend on cooperation among the operators themselves.• Although governments and regulators in Asian countries did not play a prominent role in the formation of the APG, they will still play an essential role within countries to extend broadband penetration and to drive user demand.