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for the design, building and operation of the infrastructure, which is typically made available to other service providers and ISPs on a wholesale, open-access basis. The infrastructure remains part-owned by the network operator and the government.Public-sector funding is required for a JV, but funding is shared with private-sector partners. Much of the initial financial contribution typically comes from the government, to make it attractive to the private sector. The costs of deploying the network, associated systems and processes and the ongoing administration of the JV are shared. The exact amount of private and public sector capital investment has to be agreed beforehand, based on how rewards and risks are to be shared. With this approach, the government takes on greater financial risk, but it is able to control the initial stages of the network design and construction. Meanwhile the private sector takes on greater responsibility once the project becomes self-financing. Depending on the terms agreed for the JV, the government may retain its ownership in the venture or it may divest its shareholding in order to recoup some of its early investment. In fact, JVs can vary widely, since they need to take account of local tax considerations and the extent to which the government wants to hold shares and voting rights. Examples of JVs are very limited, possibly because they are complicated to set up.Table 1.5: Selected examples of JVs Name of private DBO Description Metroweb (Italy)53 Ownership of the network is split between the public and private sectors by setting up an SPV. (See case study below)Banda Ultralarga in Lombardia (Italy)54 A JV approach enables the government to secure expertise and financing while maintaining public control over the scope of the project.Eastern Corridor (Ghana)55 The Ghana Ministry of Communications, in partnership with Alcatel-Lucent, has planned a 800 km fibre-optic network in the Eastern Corridor.Kenya LTE56 This PPP has been proposed to deliver a national broadband LTE network in Kenya.Source: Analysys Mason, 2015 An example of a JV is described in greater detail in the following case study. Case study: Metroweb, Italy This case study has been detailed in previous ITU reports; nevertheless, it was selected because it represented an instance in which an infrastructure fund manager acquired a controlling stake in a project. Metroweb also has become the subject of a takeover battle between leading operators in Italy, attracting significant private-sector interest.Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 15 Chapter 1 Box 1.4: Key lessons: Johannesburg Broadband Network Project (JBNP)• Governments should carry out an extensive market assessment before undertaking a broadband intervention to ensure there is a clear market failure that justifies the intervention. In this case a number of alternative fibre networks are already available in Johannesburg, which has called into question the need for the project.• Contractual obligations upon the public and private sectors should be clear at the outset to ensure there is no dispute if either party defaults or reneges on the contractual agreements.• Public DBOs should be limited to offering wholesale services on a non-discriminatory and open-access basis to ensure competition is not adversely affected.