grade cell, to improve signal coverage indoors. The end user device, which can support up to four voice calls at once, was given free to subscribers. In Bahrain, Batelco has deployed a combination of femtocells, microcells and a cell-coordinated network (HetNet) to boost capacity, eliminating the need for 30-50 per cent more macrocells to achieve the same capacity.Investing in 4G networks and small cells, however, does not remove the need for public Wi-Fi10 infrastructure. In fact, the rise in consumer data consumption may drive the need for further Wi-Fi investment. Mobile operators consider public Wi-Fi a necessary service, although it risks cannibalizing their mobile data revenues. The upside comes with service differentiation and increased customer retention. In fact, consumer behaviour studies have shown that people like using Wi-Fi and prefer it to mobile data in some cases.When implemented adequately, public Wi-Fi can effectively supplement mobile network capacity, particularly in dense urban areas such as business districts and shopping areas – a phenomenon known as \"Wi-Fi offloading\". Usually, however, the volume of traffic offloaded onto public Wi-Fi is low even in developed markets. China is exceptional in terms of Wi-Fi usage – public Wi-Fi data traffic far exceeds that of mobile network data, but investment in LTE is reversing this trend (see Figure 1.6).Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 5 Chapter 1 Figure 1.5: The number of operators by region that have launched or are planning LTE-A deployments This image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative text This image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text Source: Analysys Mason Wireless networks tracker, 2015 Figure 1.6: Wireless data traffic by type and public Wi-Fi share of that traffic, China, 2012–2019 This image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative text This image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative text This image has no alternative textThis image has no alternative text Source: Analysys Mason, 2015