challenges by helping to put IoT systems in the hands of individuals, care-givers, doctors and hospitals. Connected devices such as insulin pumps and blood-pressure cuffs can monitor patients and report warning signs of conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Both the public and private sectors are continuing to fund significant levels of IoT research and development in areas such as modularity, reliability, flexibility, robustness and scalability. But the basic capabilities needed for many applications are already well understood and becoming available through smart phones and other standard platforms. These devices also will address some of the cost issues that have held back growth in the past, although cost and reliability remain issues for large-scale systems, as does connectivity. One significant opportunity is the greater use of open data and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which can enable a higher level of innovation in IoT systems.As IoT systems grow, two types of issues become more urgent: connectivity issues (i.e., between machines and between machines and humans) and addressing issues (i.e., ensuring sufficient addressing resources are available to accommodate the millions of connected devices). Enabling peer-to-peer connections between devices can increase the reliability of communications, compared with requiring a large and complex global network. But when devices must be globally reachable – most commonly, via the Internet – a large address space is required to individually identify each device. The need to meet this requirement underlines the benefit of globally adopting the next version of the Internet Protocol, IPv6.The purpose of this chapter is to raise awareness among the ICT regulatory community of the changes prompted by the advent of IoT. It will examine the current and future challenges and opportunities in an effort to understand how IoT is impacting consumers, businesses, governments and society at large. There are particular regulatory implications for licensing and spectrum management, switching and roaming, addressing and numbering, competition, security and privacy. Some of these issues are familiar to telecommunication regulators and others may be areas in which different regulators typically take the lead.xii Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 The Internet of Things What Is It? “A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication” (ITU-T)Who Makes It?Device manufacturers, network operators, application platforms, software developers and (cloud-based) data analytics services providers How Is It Accessed?Connection of IoT devices via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile phone networks, specialized radio networks, global Internet Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things, in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell Figure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshellFigure 3.1: The Internet of Things,in a nutshell