multiple operators and other players, including governments, in building new broadband infrastructure. Governments often favour sharing arrangements to promote broadband deployment, and this chapter examines why and how they encourage network sharing and co-investment, as well as the benefits to consumers. It also examines why, in some cases, governments have not promoted network sharing. Commercially driven network sharing has been prevalent, for example, in the mobile sector -- particularly in countries with competitive mobile service markets -- but it remains relatively rare in the fixed-service sector.In examining options for encouraging and incentivizing sharing, it is clear that sharing arrangements are complex and difficult for operators to set up – a reality reflected in the fact that many have not survived for very long. This chapter considers some reasons why, despite the cost- and risk-sharing benefits to operators, there have not been more enduring sharing arrangements.With this in mind, the chapter looks at some ways governments can encourage and provide incentives for sharing. One favoured approach is for governments to contribute assets and infrastructure, potentially through public utilities, in co-ventures with private operators. There is also real benefit in governments’ providing a high degree of up-front certainty about regulatory treatment of sharing arrangements for new network build-outs.Network sharing and co-investment have a compelling logic if they can be made to work. This chapter concludes by looking at some new ways in which network sharing may arise in the future, including through the emergence of so-called smart cities.Chapter 3: Regulation and the Internet of Things This chapter examines the implications of the Internet of Things (IoT) for individuals, businesses and societies. In particular, it examines the issues that telecommunication and other regulators need to consider as IoT systems proliferate in developed and developing economies alike. Broadly speaking, IoT refers to the inclusion of communication and sensing capabilities into a very wide range of physical objects. In the next decade, technology companies and consulting firms expect tens of billions of IoT devices to be deployed, driven by an ongoing and rapid reduction in the cost of sensors, processing and networking technologies.1 Consumers will encounter IoT in everything from parking meters, thermostats, cardiac monitors, tires, roads and car components, to supermarket shelves and many other types of physical objects and appliances. IoT-enabled objects and devices can share data directly using protocols such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, via mobile phone networks and specialized radio networks, or over the global Internet. Device manufacturers, network operators, application platform architects and software developers are forming a broad ecosystem that is even now developing IoT services. Data analytics services, often cloud-based, are also important components of the new environment. IoT systems support a broad range of applications, including monitoring and managing individual health and wellbeing, improving energy efficiency, increasing industrial process quality and reliability, and reducing traffic congestion. They will empower the development of new products and services – especially ones based on pay-per-use charging. IoT devices will have the biggest societal impact where they are used together in larger, inter-connected, systems. At the macro-level, two of the areas of greatest IoT development and investment are:(1) “Smart cities” – where infrastructure and building systems will improve the efficiency and sustainability of a whole range of urban activities; and (2) Smart power and water grids – which will see improved efficiency in the transmission of power and the monitoring and maintenance of delivery systems.Individual consumers increasingly will see “connected vehicles” with hundreds of separate sensors, making them safer, more reliable, and better able to participate in sophisticated congestion management systems. As populations grow – and in many cases grow older –governments can meet health and wellbeing Trends in Telecommunicaiton Reform 2016 xi