commercially reachable with more traditional network approaches. The case studies cited in this chapter provide an interesting insight in investment trends, particularly when the value of the investment is ploted against the economic maturity of the region where the investment was made (see in Figure 1.1).New market entrants and alternative investors (technology innovators, not-for-profit investors and financial institutions such as private-equity or hedge funds) tend to make higher-value (and therefore higher-risk) investments than do PPPs. Moreover, investors are equally likely to invest in both developed and developing markets.Innovative investments using crowdfunding, digital currencies, pensions and charities largely involve higher-layer services and developed markets. This is partly due to the maturity of the Internet ecosystems in those developed markets, which foster technical innovation. Most of these investments have initially atracted low amounts of funding – with the exception of crowdfunding – and would therefore be unsuitable for investment in significant broadband infrastructure projects. There is generally less government regulatory involvement in atracting this form of investment. This chapter argues, however, that governments and regulators still should be responsible for atracting inward investment and for stimulating the demand for broadband services that will drive investment in higher-layer services and connectivity. Any financial regulations being considered in growth markets should safeguard investors and consumers and enable innovation without restricting business growth. Chapter 2: Accelerating Broadband Deployment Through Network Sharing and Co-investment Most governments have a policy objective to increase the availability of afordable broadband services. This often requires deploying new mobile and fixed broadband networks, but these are expensive to build and entail high construction and demand risks. Accelerating broadband deployment, particularly outside the main urban areas, is challenging and requires innovative solutions.This chapter examines the potential solutions of network sharing and co-investment by x Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2016 Figure 1.1: Summary of investment trends SHY HIP PEB STA GUS COM SIG GUG APG SEA MIP NBS MET JBN NIC QNB MEX KEY Abbreviations MIP Mobile Infrastructure Project NBS National Boradband Scheme NIC national ICT Backbone (NICTBB)JBN Johannesburg National Broadband Project MLi Metroweb QNR Qatar NRN GUS Google US GUG Google Uganda COM Community broadband SIG SIGFOX APG Facebook Asian-Pacific Gateway SEA Seacom SHY Shyp HIP Hipcom MEX meXBT STA Star Citizen PEB Pebble New and alternative investors Innovative investments PPPs Source: Analysys Mason, 2015. Note figures are not abailable for MGTS