Foreword � iii Table of Contents � v Executive Summary � ix Chapter 1: Investment strategies for broadband deployment and access to the digital economy � � �ix Chapter 2: Accelerating Broadband Deployment Through Network Sharing and Co-investment � �x Chapter 3: Regulation and the Internet of Things � �xi Chapter 4: Interoperability in the digital ecosystem � � �xiii Chapter 5: M-services and applications: Perspectives on regulatory measures to foster diffusion and access � � �xiv Chapter 6: Conclusion � �xv 1 Investment strategies for broadband deployment and access to the digital economy � �1 1.1 Introduction � �1 1.2 Global investment trends � �2 1.3 PPP investment strategies in broadband infrastructure � �6 1.4 PPP implementation strategies � �18 1.5 Alternative approaches to funding broadband networks � � �21 1.6 Financial innovations in funding services and applications � �30 1.7 Conclusions � � �37 Annex 1 – Procurement principles � �47 Annex 2 – Sources � 51 Abbreviations � 54 2 Accelerating Broadband Deployment Through Network Sharing and Co-investment � 55 2.1 Introduction: the value of network sharing � �55 2.2 Advantages to governments of network sharing and co-investment � �55 2.3 The development of network sharing models � �57 2.4 Obstacles to Network Sharing � �60 2.5 Ways governments can encourage or incentivise network sharing and co-investment � � �61 2.6 Potential downsides to network sharing � � �63 2.7 Alternatives to Network Sharing � �64 2.8 Future applications of sharing and co-investment � �65 2.9 Learnings/recommendations � �66 3 Regulation and the Internet of Things � 69 3.1 Introduction � �69 3.2 Internet of Things concepts and deployment � � �69 3.3 Development trends and application areas � �72 3.4 Challenges and opportunities � �74 3.5 Policy and regulatory implications and best practices � � �83 3.6 Conclusions � � �92 4 Interoperability in the digital ecosystem � �99 Trends in Telecommunicaiton Reform 2016 v Table of Contents