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If it is true, as some like to claim, that digital cellular radio is a “fifth generation technology”, then that probably makes the International Telecommunication Union, of which I am the Secretary-General, a Great-Great-Grandfather. The ITU this year celebrates its 130th birthday and, indeed, the science of radiocommunications celebrates its 100th birthday. I must say how nice it is to have “youngsters” such as the GSM World Congress around to keep us on our toes. I am sure this Congress will prove to be the biggest and the best ever. The technology of GSM has long-laboured with the label of being regarded as a “European” technology. A brief look at the programme for the next three days shows this to be no longer the case. Our chairman this morning is from America and tomorrow from Hongkong. We also have speakers from South Africa, Australia, China and Japan amongst other countries. Perhaps the definition of “European”, never an easy concept to define, has widened. After all, my own country has recently voted to join the European Union. More likely, the label was never particularly accurate in the first place. The ITU has also long been considered as a “European” organisation. Like GSM, we too began with a sort of nineteenth century version of a “Memorandum of Understanding” which was signed by 20 European countries, many of which now exist mainly in the history books. But for a “European” organisation, we have been doing some remarkably un-European things recently. Last year we held a Plenipotentiary Conference in Japan, a world development conference in Buenos Aires and a trade exhibition and forum in Cairo. In this Congress, our main concern should be with challenges ahead and I would like to focus on three areas in which I believe the ITU can offer assistance. The first is the area of standardization. The example I gave earlier of how GSM needs to shake off the reputation for being a European technology, and to overcome the “Not Invented Here” syndrome, is really a lesson in the evolution of standards. A standard is not a true standard until it is genuinely global in reach. Like any standard, GSM will need to expand and to evolve if it is to survive in the marketplace. The future developments are as likely to come from the research and development laboratories of North American and South East Asia as from Europe. The ITU provides a forum whereby standards which might be originally agreed at the regional level can be multi-lateralised. The ITU is one of the few standardization bodies worldwide that provides a seat at the table for the developing countries. The long term future for the GSM standard lies in tapping those emerging markets that will provide much of the engine of growth for the telecommunications sector as it enters a new century. The second challenge ahead is in the area of frequency allocation. In order to realise the benefits of mass market penetration, for the development of GSM handsets and switching and transmission equipment, it will be necessary to agree upon common frequency bands for the operation of digital cellular standards. This requirement will become all the more important now that users take it for granted that when they leave their home country they can take their handset with them and operate it wherever they go. As we look ahead just a few years to the launch of satellite-based personal communication services, the requirement for common frequency bands is even more evident. Here again the ITU can help. While the processes established in the Radio Regulations for the negotiation and harmonisation of frequency allocations and the co-ordination of frequency assignments may seem bureaucratic and laborious, they are nevertheless essential for the process of converting national and regional markets into international ones. The World Radio Conference, to be held in Geneva later this year, will provide a focus for international co-ordination and for the future development of services such as satellite-based digital mobile communications. While it may not be such a glamorous event as this, it is nevertheless a fundamental treaty-making conference. I would urge you to participate actively, not only in the conference itself, but more importantly in the process of consensus building during the preparatory meetings which is essential for its success. The third challenge ahead is in the area of revenue-sharing agreements between countries. One of the major topics on the agenda of the first meeting of the ITU, 130 years ago, was how to devise a methodology for allocating revenues between operators providing international services. The methodology they came up with -- accounting rates and settlement payments -- has served the industry well, but is now under extreme pressure. The development of GSM roaming agreements opens up a whole new range of issues to be tackled, especially when the service will soon be delivered by satellite as well as by terrestrial means. Roaming agreements are negotiated on the basis of commercial contracts and do not necessarily follow a formal methodology as is the case, for instance, in the system developed at the ITU which is usually based on a 50:50 revenue split. As such, roaming agreements may well relate more to the negotiating power of the different parties rather than to the direct costs of providing a service. The case may arise where an operator from an economically important and populous country, whose citizens travel widely and which "exports" more roamers than it receives, decides to use its commercial power to negotiate a high interconnect fee for the use of its own facilities but a low interconnect for its own roamers abroad. This situation has already arisen in Europe where there are significant differences in the prices charged for GSM service, even between neighbouring countries (see Figure 1). For the same basket of fixed and usage charges, a user in France typically pays some three times more than a user in Denmark. Figure 1: Comparison of charges for digital cellular radio systems in Europe Annual cost of basket, January 1994, in US dollars, based on purchasing power parities EMBED Excel.Chart.5 \* mergeformat \s Source: ITU “Direction of Traffic” (May 1994). Adapted from OECD price comparison methodology. Tariff data supplied by Tarifica. Here again the ITU can help. One of the missions of the Union is to “foster collaboration among its Members with a view to the establishment of rates at levels as low as possible consistent with an efficient service ...”. At the ITU, Members meet as equal partners, with equal voting rights, not, as in the case above, between partners that are commercially unequal because of their geography, demography or state of economic development. While no one would claim that the methodologies developed within the ITU framework for the division of revenues between countries are perfect, they do at least have the merit of having been established according to a common framework. Furthermore, we are working towards a higher degree of transparency, notably through Working Party 5 of Study Group 3 of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector which is devoted to charging and settlement procedures for mobile services. The new possibilities that GSM opens up -- such as international roaming, call diversion, end-to-end service provision and, eventually, satellite delivery -- require a high degree of co-ordination between service providers, preferably at the international rather than just the regional level. To conclude, it is clear that during this conference we will hear much evidence of the fantastic growth in the numbers of GSM subscribers worldwide and in the planned roll-out of service. After a slow beginning, the bandwagon is now beginning to roll. But there are some major challenges ahead, especially in the areas of standardization, frequency allocation and revenue-sharing agreements. In all of these three areas, the ITU is more than willing to share the benefits of its experience and to offer some Great-Great-Grandfatherly advice to one of the youngest members of the telecommunications community. 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