Recommendation ITU-R SA.1014-4 (12/2023) - Radiocommunication requirements for manned and unmanned deep space research Foreword Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) Scope Annex Radiocommunication requirements for manned and unmanned deep-space research TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Radiocommunication requirements 2.1 Telemetering requirements 2.2 Telecommand requirements 2.3 Tracking requirements 2.3.1 Navigation 2.3.2 Radio science 2.4 Special requirements for manned deep space missions 3 Technical characteristics 3.1 Locations and characteristics of space research service (deep space) earth stations 3.2 Space stations 4 Methods of deep space radiocommunication 4.1 Carrier tracking and Doppler measurement 4.2 Modulation and demodulation 4.3 Coding 4.4 Multiplexing 4.5 Ranging 4.6 Antenna gain and pointing 4.7 Additional radionavigation techniques 4.7.1 Calibration of the velocity of propagation as affected by charged particles 4.7.2 Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 5 Performance analysis and design margins